第 11 节
作者:僻处自说      更新:2024-05-31 15:57      字数:9322
  might be generated and; among other things in the discoveries alluded to
  inasmuch as besides the stars; I knew nothing except fire which produces
  light;   I   spared   no   pains   to   set   forth   all   that   pertains   to   its   nature;      the
  manner       of   its  production      and    support;    and    to   explain    how     heat    is
  sometimes found without light; and light without heat; to show how it can
  induce   various   colors   upon   different   bodies   and   other   diverse   qualities;
  how   it   reduces   some   to   a   liquid   state   and   hardens   others;   how   it   can
  consume   almost   all   bodies;   or   convert   them   into   ashes   and   smoke;   and
  finally; how from these ashes; by the mere intensity of its action; it forms
  glass:     for   as   this   transmutation   of   ashes   into   glass   appeared   to   me   as
  wonderful as any other in nature; I took a special pleasure in describing it。
  I was not; however; disposed; from these circumstances; to conclude that
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  this world had been created in the manner I described; for it is much more
  likely that God made it at the first such as it was to be。 But this is certain;
  and an opinion monly received among theologians; that the action by
  which   he   now   sustains   it   is   the   same   with   that   by   which   he   originally
  created   it;   so   that   even   although   he   had   from   the   beginning   given   it   no
  other   form   than   that   of   chaos;   provided   only   he   had   established   certain
  laws of nature; and had lent it his concurrence to enable it to act as it is
  wont to do; it may be believed; without discredit to the miracle of creation;
  that;   in   this   way   alone;   things   purely   material   might;   in   course   of   time;
  have bee such as we observe them at present; and their nature is much
  more     easily    conceived     when     they   are   beheld    ing      in  this  manner
  gradually into existence; than when they are only considered as produced
  at once in a finished and perfect state。
  From      the  description     of  inanimate      bodies    and   plants;   I  passed    to
  animals;   and   particularly   to   man。      But   since   I   had   not   as   yet   sufficient
  knowledge to enable me to treat of these in the same manner as of the rest;
  that is to say; by deducing effects from their causes; and by showing from
  what elements and in what manner nature must produce them; I remained
  satisfied   with   the   supposition   that   God   formed   the   body   of   man   wholly
  like to one of ours; as well in the external shape of the members as in the
  internal   conformation   of   the   organs;   of   the   same   matter   with   that   I   had
  described; and at first placed in it no rational soul; nor any other principle;
  in room of the vegetative or sensitive soul; beyond kindling in the heart
  one of those fires without light; such as I had already described; and which
  I   thought   was   not   different   from   the   heat   in   hay   that   has   been   heaped
  together before it is dry; or that which causes fermentation in new wines
  before they are run clear of the fruit。             For; when I examined the kind of
  functions which might; as consequences of this supposition; exist in this
  body; I found precisely all those which may exist in us independently of
  all   power   of   thinking;   and   consequently   without   being   in   any   measure
  owing to the soul; in other words; to that part of us which is distinct from
  the body; and of which it has been said above that the nature distinctively
  consists in thinking; functions in which the animals void of reason may be
  said wholly to resemble us; but among which I could not discover any of
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  those that; as dependent on thought alone; belong to us as men; while; on
  the other hand; I did afterwards discover these as soon as I supposed God
  to have created a rational soul; and to have annexed it to this body in   a
  particular manner which I described。
  But; in order to show how I there handled this matter; I mean here to
  give the explication of the motion of the heart and arteries; which; as the
  first and most general motion observed in animals; will afford the means
  of readily determining what should be thought of all the rest。                     And that
  there may be less difficulty in understanding  what I am  about to say  on
  this   subject;   I   advise   those   who   are   not   versed   in   anatomy;   before   they
  mence the perusal of these observations; to take the trouble of getting
  dissected   in   their   presence   the   heart   of   some   large   animal   possessed   of
  lungs   (for   this   is   throughout   sufficiently   like   the   human);   and   to   have
  shown to them its two ventricles or cavities:              in the first place; that in the
  right side; with which correspond two very ample tubes; viz。; the hollow
  vein (vena cava); which is the principal receptacle of the blood; and the
  trunk of the tree; as it were; of which all the other veins in the body are
  branches;      and    the   arterial   vein    (vena    arteriosa);    inappropriately      so
  denominated; since it is in truth only an artery; which; taking its rise in the
  heart;   is   divided;   after   passing   out   from   it;   into   many   branches   which
  presently disperse themselves all over the lungs; in the second place; the
  cavity   in   the   left   side;   with   which   correspond   in   the   same   manner   two
  canals in size equal to or larger than the preceding; viz。; the venous artery
  (arteria   venosa);   likewise   inappropriately   thus   designated;   because   it   is
  simply a vein which es from the lungs; where it is divided into many
  branches; interlaced with those of the arterial vein; and those of the tube
  called the windpipe; through which the air we breathe enters; and the great
  artery which; issuing from the heart; sends its branches all over the body。
  I   should   wish   also   that   such   persons   were   carefully   shown   the   eleven
  pellicles which; like so many small valves; open and shut the four orifices
  that are in these two cavities; viz。; three at the entrance of the hollow veins
  where they are disposed in such a manner as by no means to prevent the
  blood which it contains from flowing into the right ventricle of the heart;
  and   yet   exactly   to   prevent   its   flowing   out;   three   at   the   entrance   to   the
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  arterial   vein;   which;   arranged   in   a   manner   exactly   the   opposite   of   the
  former; readily permit the blood contained in this cavity to pass into the
  lungs; but hinder that contained in the lungs from returning to this cavity;
  and; in like manner; two others at the mouth of the venous artery; which
  allow the blood from the lungs to flow into the left cavity of the heart; but
  preclude its return; and three at the mouth of the great artery; which suffer
  the blood to flow from the heart; but prevent its reflux。                Nor do we need
  to seek any other reason for the number of these pellicles beyond this that
  the orifice of the venous artery being of an oval shape from the nature of
  its situation; can be adequately closed with two; whereas the others being
  round   are   more   conveniently   closed   with   three。        Besides;   I   wish   such
  persons to observe that the grand artery and the arterial vein are of much
  harder and firmer texture than the venous artery and the hollow vein; and
  that   the   two   last   expand   before   entering   the   heart;   and   there   form;   as   it
  were;     two   pouches     denominated       the  auricles   of   the  heart;   which    are
  posed of a substance similar to that of the heart itself; and that there is
  always more warmth in the heart than in any other part of the body… and
  finally; that this heat is capable of causing any drop of blood that passes
  into the cavities rapidly to expand and dilate; just as all liquors do when
  allowed to fall drop by drop into a highly heated vessel。
  For; after these things; it is not necessary for me to say anything more
  with   a   view   to   explain   the   motion    of   the   heart;   except   that   when  its
  caviti