第 10 节
作者:
僻处自说 更新:2024-05-31 15:57 字数:9322
distinctly imagine the head of a lion joined to the body of a goat; without
being therefore shut up to the conclusion that a chimaera exists; for it is
not a dictate of reason that what we thus see or imagine is in reality
existent; but it plainly tells us that all our ideas or notions contain in them
some truth; for otherwise it could not be that God; who is wholly perfect
and veracious; should have placed them in us。 And because our
reasonings are never so clear or so plete during sleep as when we are
awake; although sometimes the acts of our imagination are then as lively
and distinct; if not more so than in our waking moments; reason further
dictates that; since all our thoughts cannot be true because of our partial
imperfection; those possessing truth must infallibly be found in the
experience of our waking moments rather than in that of our dreams。
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DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
PART V
I would here willingly have proceeded to exhibit the whole chain of
truths which I deduced from these primary but as with a view to this it
would have been necessary now to treat of many questions in dispute
among the earned; with whom I do not wish to be embroiled; I believe that
it will be better for me to refrain from this exposition; and only mention in
general what these truths are; that the more judicious may be able to
determine whether a more special account of them would conduce to the
public advantage。 I have ever remained firm in my original resolution to
suppose no other principle than that of which I have recently availed
myself in demonstrating the existence of God and of the soul; and to
accept as true nothing that did not appear to me more clear and certain
than the demonstrations of the geometers had formerly appeared; and yet I
venture to state that not only have I found means to satisfy myself in a
short time on all the principal difficulties which are usually treated of in
philosophy; but I have also observed certain laws established in nature by
God in such a manner; and of which he has impressed on our minds such
notions; that after we have reflected sufficiently upon these; we cannot
doubt that they are accurately observed in all that exists or takes place in
the world and farther; by considering the concatenation of these laws; it
appears to me that I have discovered many truths more useful and more
important than all I had before learned; or even had expected to learn。
But because I have essayed to expound the chief of these discoveries
in a treatise which certain considerations prevent me from publishing; I
cannot make the results known more conveniently than by here giving a
summary of the contents of this treatise。 It was my design to prise in
it all that; before I set myself to write it; I thought I knew of the nature of
material objects。 But like the painters who; finding themselves unable to
represent equally well on a plain surface all the different faces of a solid
body; select one of the chief; on which alone they make the light fall; and
throwing the rest into the shade; allow them to appear only in so far as
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DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
they can be seen while looking at the principal one; so; fearing lest I
should not be able to pense in my discourse all that was in my mind; I
resolved to expound singly; though at considerable length; my opinions
regarding light; then to take the opportunity of adding something on the
sun and the fixed stars; since light almost wholly proceeds from them; on
the heavens since they transmit it; on the planets; ets; and earth; since
they reflect it; and particularly on all the bodies that are upon the earth;
since they are either colored; or transparent; or luminous; and finally on
man; since he is the spectator of these objects。 Further; to enable me to
cast this variety of subjects somewhat into the shade; and to express my
judgment regarding them with greater freedom; without being necessitated
to adopt or refute the opinions of the learned; I resolved to leave all the
people here to their disputes; and to speak only of what would happen in a
new world; if God were now to create somewhere in the imaginary spaces
matter sufficient to pose one; and were to agitate variously and
confusedly the different parts of this matter; so that there resulted a chaos
as disordered as the poets ever feigned; and after that did nothing more
than lend his ordinary concurrence to nature; and allow her to act in
accordance with the laws which he had established。 On this supposition;
I; in the first place; described this matter; and essayed to represent it in
such a manner that to my mind there can be nothing clearer and more
intelligible; except what has been recently said regarding God and the soul;
for I even expressly supposed that it possessed none of those forms or
qualities which are so debated in the schools; nor in general anything the
knowledge of which is not so natural to our minds that no one can so
much as imagine himself ignorant of it。 Besides; I have pointed out what
are the laws of nature; and; with no other principle upon which to found
my reasonings except the infinite perfection of God; I endeavored to
demonstrate all those about which there could be any room for doubt; and
to prove that they are such; that even if God had created more worlds;
there could have been none in which these laws were not observed。
Thereafter; I showed how the greatest part of the matter of this chaos must;
in accordance with these laws; dispose and arrange itself in such a way as
to present the appearance of heavens; how in the meantime some of its
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DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
parts must pose an earth and some planets and ets; and others a
sun and fixed stars。 And; making a digression at this stage on the subject
of light; I expounded at considerable length what the nature of that light
must be which is found in the sun and the stars; and how thence in an
instant of time it traverses the immense spaces of the heavens; and how
from the planets and ets it is reflected towards the earth。 To this I
likewise added much respecting the substance; the situation; the motions;
and all the different qualities of these heavens and stars; so that I thought I
had said enough respecting them to show that there is nothing observable
in the heavens or stars of our system that must not; or at least may not
appear precisely alike in those of the system which I described。 I came
next to speak of the earth in particular; and to show how; even though I
had expressly supposed that God had given no weight to the matter of
which it is posed; this should not prevent all its parts from tending
exactly to its center; how with water and air on its surface; the disposition
of the heavens and heavenly bodies; more especially of the moon; must
cause a flow and ebb; like in all its circumstances to that observed in our
seas; as also a certain current both of water and air from east to west; such
as is likewise observed between the tropics; how the mountains; seas;
fountains; and rivers might naturally be formed in it; and the metals
produced in the mines; and the plants grow in the fields and in general;
how all the bodies which are monly denominated mixed or posite
might be generated and; among other things in the discoveries alluded to
inasmuch as bes