第 10 节
作者:僻处自说      更新:2024-05-31 15:57      字数:9322
  distinctly imagine the head of a lion joined to the body of a goat; without
  being therefore shut up to the conclusion that a chimaera exists; for it is
  not   a   dictate   of   reason   that   what   we   thus   see   or   imagine   is   in   reality
  existent; but it plainly tells us that all our ideas or notions contain in them
  some truth; for otherwise it could not be that God; who is wholly perfect
  and     veracious;    should    have    placed    them    in  us。    And     because     our
  reasonings are never so clear or so plete during sleep as when we are
  awake; although sometimes the acts of our imagination are then as lively
  and distinct;  if not   more so   than in   our waking   moments; reason   further
  dictates that; since all our thoughts cannot be true because of our partial
  imperfection;      those    possessing     truth  must    infallibly   be   found    in  the
  experience of our waking moments rather than in that of our dreams。
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  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  PART V
  I would here willingly have proceeded   to exhibit the whole chain   of
  truths   which   I   deduced   from  these   primary  but   as   with   a view   to   this   it
  would   have   been   necessary   now   to   treat   of   many   questions   in   dispute
  among the earned; with whom I do not wish to be embroiled; I believe that
  it will be better for me to refrain from this exposition; and only mention in
  general   what   these   truths   are;   that   the   more   judicious   may   be   able   to
  determine whether a more special account of them would conduce to the
  public advantage。        I have ever remained firm in my original resolution to
  suppose   no   other   principle   than   that   of   which   I   have   recently   availed
  myself   in   demonstrating   the   existence   of   God   and   of   the   soul;   and   to
  accept   as   true   nothing   that   did   not   appear   to   me   more   clear   and   certain
  than the demonstrations of the geometers had formerly appeared; and yet I
  venture   to   state   that   not   only  have   I   found   means   to   satisfy   myself   in   a
  short time on all the principal difficulties which are usually treated of in
  philosophy; but I have also observed certain laws established in nature by
  God in such a manner; and of which he has impressed on our minds such
  notions;   that   after   we   have   reflected   sufficiently   upon   these;   we   cannot
  doubt that they are accurately observed in all that exists or takes place in
  the world   and   farther;  by  considering the   concatenation of these laws;  it
  appears to me that I have discovered many truths more useful and more
  important than all I had before learned; or even had expected to learn。
  But because I have essayed to expound the chief of these discoveries
  in   a   treatise   which   certain   considerations   prevent   me   from   publishing;   I
  cannot make the results known more conveniently than by here giving a
  summary of the contents of this treatise。             It was my design to prise in
  it all that; before I set myself to write it; I thought I knew of the nature of
  material objects。       But like the painters who; finding themselves unable to
  represent equally well on a plain surface all the different faces of a solid
  body; select one of the chief; on which alone they make the light fall; and
  throwing   the  rest   into   the   shade;  allow   them  to   appear   only  in   so   far   as
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  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  they   can   be   seen   while   looking   at   the   principal   one;   so;   fearing   lest   I
  should not be able to pense in my discourse all that was in my mind; I
  resolved   to   expound   singly;   though   at   considerable   length;   my   opinions
  regarding light; then to take the opportunity of adding something on the
  sun and the fixed stars; since light almost wholly proceeds from them; on
  the heavens since they transmit it; on the planets; ets; and earth; since
  they reflect it; and particularly on all the bodies that are upon the earth;
  since they are either colored; or transparent; or luminous; and finally on
  man;   since   he   is   the   spectator   of these   objects。   Further;   to   enable   me   to
  cast this variety of subjects somewhat into the shade; and to express my
  judgment regarding them with greater freedom; without being necessitated
  to adopt or refute the opinions of the learned; I resolved to leave all the
  people here to their disputes; and to speak only of what would happen in a
  new world; if God were now to create somewhere in the imaginary spaces
  matter     sufficient    to  pose       one;   and   were    to   agitate   variously     and
  confusedly the different parts of this matter; so that there resulted a chaos
  as   disordered   as   the  poets   ever   feigned;   and   after   that   did   nothing   more
  than   lend   his   ordinary   concurrence   to   nature;   and   allow   her   to   act   in
  accordance with the laws which he had established。                     On this supposition;
  I;   in   the   first   place;   described   this   matter;   and   essayed   to   represent   it   in
  such   a   manner   that   to   my   mind   there   can   be   nothing   clearer   and   more
  intelligible; except what has been recently said regarding God and the soul;
  for   I   even   expressly   supposed   that   it   possessed   none   of   those   forms   or
  qualities which are so debated in the schools; nor in general anything the
  knowledge   of   which   is   not   so   natural   to   our   minds   that   no   one   can   so
  much as imagine himself ignorant of it。               Besides; I have pointed out what
  are the laws of nature; and; with no other principle upon which to found
  my   reasonings       except    the   infinite   perfection   of    God;    I  endeavored      to
  demonstrate all those about which there could be any room for doubt; and
  to   prove   that   they   are   such;   that   even   if   God   had   created   more   worlds;
  there    could    have    been    none    in  which    these    laws   were    not   observed。
  Thereafter; I showed how the greatest part of the matter of this chaos must;
  in accordance with these laws; dispose and arrange itself in such a way as
  to   present   the   appearance   of   heavens;   how   in   the   meantime   some   of   its
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  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  parts must pose an earth and some planets and ets; and others a
  sun and fixed stars。         And; making a digression at this stage on the subject
  of light; I expounded at considerable length what the nature of that light
  must   be   which   is   found   in   the   sun   and   the   stars;   and   how   thence   in   an
  instant of time it   traverses the immense spaces of the heavens; and how
  from the   planets   and   ets   it is   reflected   towards   the   earth。        To   this   I
  likewise added much respecting the substance; the situation; the motions;
  and all the different qualities of these heavens and stars; so that I thought I
  had said enough respecting them to show that there is nothing observable
  in the   heavens   or   stars   of   our   system  that   must   not;  or   at   least   may   not
  appear precisely alike in those of the system which I described。                         I came
  next to speak of the earth in particular; and to show how; even though I
  had   expressly   supposed   that   God   had   given   no   weight   to   the   matter   of
  which   it   is   posed;   this   should   not   prevent   all   its   parts   from   tending
  exactly to its center; how with water and air on its surface; the disposition
  of   the   heavens   and   heavenly  bodies;   more   especially  of   the   moon;   must
  cause a flow and ebb; like in all its circumstances to that observed in our
  seas; as also a certain current both of water and air from east to west; such
  as   is   likewise   observed   between   the   tropics;   how   the   mountains;   seas;
  fountains;      and   rivers   might     naturally    be   formed     in  it;  and   the  metals
  produced in   the  mines; and the  plants grow  in   the fields   and in general;
  how all the bodies which are monly denominated mixed or posite
  might be generated and; among other things in the discoveries alluded to
  inasmuch as bes