第 9 节
作者:僻处自说      更新:2024-05-31 15:57      字数:9322
  the   corporeal;   and   as   I   observed   that   all   position   is   an   evidence   of
  dependency;        and   that   a  state   of  dependency       is  manifestly     a   state  of
  imperfection;   I   therefore   determined   that   it   could   not   be   a   perfection   in
  God to be pounded of these two natures and that consequently he was
  not so pounded; but that if there were any bodies in the world; or even
  any   intelligences;      or  other   natures    that   were    not  wholly   perfect;     their
  existence depended on his power in such a way that they could not subsist
  without him for a single moment。
  I was disposed straightway to search for other truths and when I had
  represented to myself the object of the geometers; which I conceived to be
  a continuous body or a space indefinitely extended in length; breadth; and
  height or depth; divisible into divers parts which admit of different figures
  and sizes; and of being moved or transposed in all manner of ways (for all
  this the geometers suppose to be in the object they contemplate); I went
  over   some   of   their   simplest   demonstrations。         And;   in   the   first   place;   I
  observed; that the great certitude which by mon consent is accorded to
  these   demonstrations;   is   founded   solely   upon   this;   that   they   are   clearly
  conceived   in   accordance   with   the   rules   I   have   already   laid   down   In   the
  next     place;    I   perceived      that   there    was     nothing     at   all   in   these
  demonstrations   which   could   assure   me   of   the   existence   of   their   object:
  thus; for example; supposing a triangle to be given; I distinctly perceived
  that its three angles were necessarily equal to two right angles; but I did
  not   on   that   account   perceive   anything   which   could   assure   me   that   any
  triangle existed:       while; on the contrary; recurring to the examination of
  the idea   of a   Perfect Being;   I   found that the existence of the   Being   was
  prised in the idea in the same way that the equality of its three angles
  to two right angles is prised in the idea of a triangle; or as in the idea
  of a sphere; the equidistance of all points on its surface from the center; or
  even still more clearly; and that consequently it is at least as certain that
  God;   who   is   this   Perfect   Being;   is;   or   exists;   as   any   demonstration   of
  geometry can be。
  But the reason which leads many to persuade them selves that there is
  a   difficulty   in   knowing   this   truth;   and   even   also   in   knowing   what   their
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  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  mind really is; is that they never raise their thoughts above sensible objects;
  and are so accustomed to consider nothing except by way of imagination;
  which is a mode of thinking limited to material objects; that all that is not
  imaginable seems to them not intelligible。             The truth of this is sufficiently
  manifest from the single circumstance; that the philosophers of the schools
  accept as   a maxim  that there   is nothing in the understanding which   was
  not previously in the senses; in which however it is certain that the ideas
  of God and of the soul have never been; and it appears to me that they who
  make use of their imagination to   prehend these ideas   do exactly  the
  some   thing   as   if;   in   order   to   hear   sounds   or   smell   odors;   they   strove   to
  avail themselves of their eyes; unless indeed that there is this difference;
  that the sense of sight does not afford us an inferior assurance to those of
  smell or hearing; in place of which; neither our imagination nor our senses
  can give us assurance of anything unless our understanding intervene。
  Finally; if there be still persons who are not sufficiently persuaded of
  the existence of God and of the soul; by the reasons I have adduced; I am
  desirous that they should know that all the other propositions; of the truth
  of which they deem themselves perhaps more assured; as that we have a
  body; and that there exist stars and an earth; and such like; are less certain;
  for; although we have a moral assurance of these things; which is so strong
  that there is an appearance of extravagance in doubting of their existence;
  yet   at   the   same   time   no   one;   unless   his   intellect   is   impaired;   can   deny;
  when      the  question     relates   to  a   metaphysical      certitude;   that   there   is
  sufficient reason to exclude entire assurance; in the observation that when
  asleep   we   can   in   the   same   way   imagine   ourselves   possessed   of   another
  body and that we see other stars and another earth; when there is nothing
  of   the   kind。   For   how   do   we   know   that   the   thoughts   which   occur   in
  dreaming   are   false   rather   than   those   other   which   we   experience   when
  awake; since the former are often not less vivid and distinct than the latter?
  And though men of the highest genius study this question as long as they
  please; I do not believe that they will be able to give any reason which can
  be sufficient to remove this doubt; unless they presuppose the existence of
  God。     For; in the first place even the principle which I have already taken
  as a rule; viz。; that all the things which we clearly and distinctly conceive
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  are   true;   is   certain   only   because   God   is   or   exists   and   because   he   is   a
  Perfect     Being;    and    because    all  that   we   possess     is  derived    from    him:
  whence it   follows that our  ideas   or notions;  which   to   the  extent of   their
  clearness   and   distinctness   are   real;   and   proceed   from   God;   must   to   that
  extent be true。       Accordingly; whereas we not infrequently have ideas or
  notions in which some falsity is contained; this can only be the case with
  such as are to some extent confused and obscure; and in this proceed from
  nothing (participate of negation); that is; exist in us thus confused because
  we are not wholly perfect。            And it is evident that it is not less repugnant
  that falsity or imperfection; in so far as it is imperfection; should proceed
  from God; than that truth or perfection should proceed from nothing。                        But
  if   we   did   not   know   that   all   which   we   possess   of   real   and   true   proceeds
  from   a   Perfect   and   Infinite   Being;   however   clear   and   distinct   our   ideas
  might be; we should have no ground on that account for the assurance that
  they possessed the perfection of being true。
  But after the knowledge of God and of the soul has rendered us certain
  of   this   rule;   we   can   easily   understand   that   the   truth   of   the   thoughts   we
  experience when awake; ought not in the slightest degree to be called in
  question   on   account   of   the   illusions   of   our   dreams。     For   if   it   happened
  that an individual; even when asleep; had some very distinct idea; as; for
  example;   if     a   geometer     should   discover      some   new     demonstration;       the
  circumstance of his being asleep would not militate against its truth; and
  as   for   the   most   ordinary   error   of   our   dreams;   which   consists   in   their
  representing to us various objects in the same way as our external senses;
  this is not prejudicial; since it leads us very properly to suspect the truth of
  the   ideas    of  sense;    for  we    are   not  infrequently   deceived       in   the  same
  manner   when   awake;   as   when   persons   in   the   jaundice   see   all   objects
  yellow; or when the stars or bodies at a great distance appear to us much
  smaller than they  are。         For;  in   fine; whether awake or   asleep;   we   ought
  never to allow ourselves to be persuaded of the truth of anything unless on
  the evidence of our reason。           And it must be noted that I say of our reason;
  and not of our imagination or of our senses:                 thus; for example; although
  we very clearly see the sun; we ought not therefore to determine that it is
  only   of   the   size   which   our   sense   of   sight   presents;   and   we   may   very
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  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  distinctly imagine the head of a lion joined to the body of a g