第 8 节
作者:
僻处自说 更新:2024-05-31 15:57 字数:9322
PART IV
I am in doubt as to the propriety of making my first meditations in the
place above mentioned matter of discourse; for these are so metaphysical;
and so unmon; as not; perhaps; to be acceptable to every one。 And
yet; that it may be determined whether the foundations that I have laid are
sufficiently secure; I find myself in a measure constrained to advert to
them。 I had long before remarked that; in relation to practice; it is
sometimes necessary to adopt; as if above doubt; opinions which we
discern to be highly uncertain; as has been already said; but as I then
desired to give my attention solely to the search after truth; I thought that a
procedure exactly the opposite was called for; and that I ought to reject as
absolutely false all opinions in regard to which I could suppose the least
ground for doubt; in order to ascertain whether after that there remained
aught in my belief that was wholly indubitable。 Accordingly; seeing that
our senses sometimes deceive us; I was willing to suppose that there
existed nothing really such as they presented to us; and because some men
err in reasoning; and fall into paralogisms; even on the simplest matters of
geometry; I; convinced that I was as open to error as any other; rejected as
false all the reasonings I had hitherto taken for demonstrations; and finally;
when I considered that the very same thoughts (presentations) which we
experience when awake may also be experienced when we are asleep;
while there is at that time not one of them true; I supposed that all the
objects (presentations) that had ever entered into my mind when awake;
had in them no more truth than the illusions of my dreams。 But
immediately upon this I observed that; whilst I thus wished to think that all
was false; it was absolutely necessary that I; who thus thought; should be
somewhat; and as I observed that this truth; I think; therefore I am
(COGITO ERGO SUM); was so certain and of such evidence that no
ground of doubt; however extravagant; could be alleged by the sceptics
capable of shaking it; I concluded that I might; without scruple; accept it
as the first principle of the philosophy of which I was in search
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DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
In the next place; I attentively examined what I was and as I observed
that I could suppose that I had no body; and that there was no world nor
any place in which I might be; but that I could not therefore suppose that I
was not; and that; on the contrary; from the very circumstance that I
thought to doubt of the truth of other things; it most clearly and certainly
followed that I was; while; on the other hand; if I had only ceased to think;
although all the other objects which I had ever imagined had been in
reality existent; I would have had no reason to believe that I existed; I
thence concluded that I was a substance whose whole essence or nature
consists only in thinking; and which; that it may exist; has need of no
place; nor is dependent on any material thing; so that 〃 I;〃 that is to say; the
mind by which I am what I am; is wholly distinct from the body; and is
even more easily known than the latter; and is such; that although the latter
were not; it would still continue to be all that it is。
After this I inquired in general into what is essential I to the truth and
certainty of a proposition; for since I had discovered one which I knew to
be true; I thought that I must likewise be able to discover the ground of
this certitude。 And as I observed that in the words I think; therefore I am;
there is nothing at all which gives me assurance of their truth beyond this;
that I see very clearly that in order to think it is necessary to exist; I
concluded that I might take; as a general rule; the principle; that all the
things which we very clearly and distinctly conceive are true; only
observing; however; that there is some difficulty in rightly determining the
objects which we distinctly conceive。
In the next place; from reflecting on the circumstance that I doubted;
and that consequently my being was not wholly perfect (for I clearly saw
that it was a greater perfection to know than to doubt); I was led to inquire
whence I had learned to think of something more perfect than myself; and
I clearly recognized that I must hold this notion from some nature which
in reality was more perfect。 As for the thoughts of many other objects
external to me; as of the sky; the earth; light; heat; and a thousand more; I
was less at a loss to know whence these came; for since I remarked in
them nothing which seemed to render them superior to myself; I could
believe that; if these were true; they were dependencies on my own nature;
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DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
in so far as it possessed a certain perfection; and; if they were false; that I
held them from nothing; that is to say; that they were in me because of a
certain imperfection of my nature。 But this could not be the case with…
the idea of a nature more perfect than myself; for to receive it from
nothing was a thing manifestly impossible; and; because it is not less
repugnant that the more perfect should be an effect of; and dependence on
the less perfect; than that something should proceed from nothing; it was
equally impossible that I could hold it from myself: accordingly; it but
remained that it had been placed in me by a nature which was in reality
more perfect than mine; and which even possessed within itself all the
perfections of which I could form any idea; that is to say; in a single word;
which was God。 And to this I added that; since I knew some perfections
which I did not possess; I was not the only being in existence (I will here;
with your permission; freely use the terms of the schools); but; on the
contrary; that there was of necessity some other more perfect Being upon
whom I was dependent; and from whom I had received all that I possessed;
for if I had existed alone; and independently of every other being; so as to
have had from myself all the perfection; however little; which I actually
possessed; I should have been able; for the same reason; to have had from
myself the whole remainder of perfection; of the want of which I was
conscious; and thus could of myself have bee infinite; eternal;
immutable; omniscient; all…powerful; and; in fine; have possessed all the
perfections which I could recognize in God。 For in order to know the
nature of God (whose existence has been established by the preceding
reasonings); as far as my own nature permitted; I had only to consider in
reference to all the properties of which I found in my mind some idea;
whether their possession was a mark of perfection; and I was assured that
no one which indicated any imperfection was in him; and that none of the
rest was awanting。 Thus I perceived that doubt; inconstancy; sadness;
and such like; could not be found in God; since I myself would have been
happy to be free from them。 Besides; I had ideas of many sensible and
corporeal things; for although I might suppose that I was dreaming; and
that all which I saw or imagined was false; I could not; nevertheless; deny
that the ideas were in reality in my thoughts。 But; because I had already
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DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
very clearly recognized in myself that the intelligent nature is distinct from
the corporeal; and as I observed that all position is an evidence of
depend