第 8 节
作者:僻处自说      更新:2024-05-31 15:57      字数:9322
  PART IV
  I am in doubt as to the propriety of making my first meditations in the
  place above mentioned matter of discourse; for these are so metaphysical;
  and so unmon; as not; perhaps; to be acceptable to every one。                        And
  yet; that it may be determined whether the foundations that I have laid are
  sufficiently   secure;   I   find   myself   in   a   measure   constrained   to   advert   to
  them。     I   had   long   before    remarked     that;  in  relation   to  practice;   it  is
  sometimes       necessary   to    adopt;   as  if  above   doubt;    opinions    which    we
  discern   to   be   highly   uncertain;   as   has   been   already   said;   but   as   I   then
  desired to give my attention solely to the search after truth; I thought that a
  procedure exactly the opposite was called for; and that I ought to reject as
  absolutely false all opinions in regard to which I could suppose the least
  ground for doubt; in order to ascertain whether after that there remained
  aught in my belief that was wholly indubitable。                Accordingly; seeing that
  our   senses   sometimes   deceive   us;   I   was   willing   to   suppose   that   there
  existed nothing really such as they presented to us; and because some men
  err in reasoning; and fall into paralogisms; even on the simplest matters of
  geometry; I; convinced that I was as open to error as any other; rejected as
  false all the reasonings I had hitherto taken for demonstrations; and finally;
  when I considered that the very same thoughts (presentations) which we
  experience   when   awake   may   also   be   experienced   when   we   are   asleep;
  while   there   is   at   that   time   not   one   of   them   true;   I   supposed   that   all   the
  objects (presentations)   that had   ever entered into my   mind when   awake;
  had    in   them    no   more    truth  than    the  illusions    of  my    dreams。     But
  immediately upon this I observed that; whilst I thus wished to think that all
  was false; it was absolutely necessary that I; who thus thought; should be
  somewhat;       and   as   I  observed    that   this  truth;  I  think;   therefore   I  am
  (COGITO   ERGO   SUM);   was   so   certain   and   of   such   evidence   that   no
  ground   of   doubt;   however   extravagant;   could   be   alleged   by   the   sceptics
  capable of shaking it; I concluded that I might; without scruple; accept it
  as the first principle of the philosophy of which I was in search
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  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  In the next place; I attentively examined what I was and as I observed
  that I could suppose that I had no body; and that there was no world nor
  any place in which I might be; but that I could not therefore suppose that I
  was   not;   and   that;   on   the   contrary;   from   the   very   circumstance   that   I
  thought to doubt of the truth of other things; it most clearly and certainly
  followed that I was; while; on the other hand; if I had only ceased to think;
  although   all   the   other   objects   which   I   had   ever   imagined   had   been   in
  reality   existent;   I   would   have   had   no   reason   to   believe   that   I   existed;   I
  thence concluded   that   I   was   a   substance   whose   whole   essence or   nature
  consists   only   in   thinking;   and   which;   that   it   may   exist;   has   need   of   no
  place; nor is dependent on any material thing; so that 〃 I;〃 that is to say; the
  mind by which I am what I am; is wholly distinct from the body; and is
  even more easily known than the latter; and is such; that although the latter
  were not; it would still continue to be all that it is。
  After this I inquired in general into what is essential I to the truth and
  certainty of a proposition; for since I had discovered one which I knew to
  be true; I thought that I must likewise be able to discover the ground of
  this certitude。      And as I observed that in the words I think; therefore I am;
  there is nothing at all which gives me assurance of their truth beyond this;
  that   I   see   very   clearly   that   in   order   to   think   it   is   necessary   to   exist;   I
  concluded that   I   might   take;   as   a   general   rule;   the   principle;   that   all   the
  things     which     we   very    clearly    and   distinctly    conceive      are  true;   only
  observing; however; that there is some difficulty in rightly determining the
  objects which we distinctly conceive。
  In the next place; from reflecting on the circumstance that I doubted;
  and that consequently my being was not wholly perfect (for I clearly saw
  that it was a greater perfection to know than to doubt); I was led to inquire
  whence I had learned to think of something more perfect than myself; and
  I clearly recognized that I must hold this notion from some nature which
  in reality  was   more   perfect。       As   for the   thoughts   of many  other objects
  external to me; as of the sky; the earth; light; heat; and a thousand more; I
  was   less   at   a   loss   to   know   whence   these   came;   for   since   I   remarked   in
  them   nothing   which   seemed   to   render   them   superior   to   myself;   I   could
  believe that; if these were true; they were dependencies on my own nature;
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  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  in so far as it possessed a certain perfection; and; if they were false; that I
  held them from nothing; that is to say; that they were in me because of a
  certain imperfection of my nature。             But this could not be the case with…
  the   idea   of   a   nature   more   perfect   than   myself;   for   to   receive   it   from
  nothing   was   a   thing   manifestly   impossible;   and;   because   it   is   not   less
  repugnant that the more perfect should be an effect of; and dependence on
  the less perfect; than that something should proceed from nothing; it was
  equally   impossible   that   I   could   hold   it   from   myself:   accordingly;   it   but
  remained that it had been placed in me by a nature which was in reality
  more   perfect   than   mine;   and   which   even   possessed   within   itself   all   the
  perfections of which I could form any idea; that is to say; in a single word;
  which was God。          And to this I added that; since I knew some perfections
  which I did not possess; I was not the only being in existence (I will here;
  with   your   permission;   freely   use   the   terms   of   the   schools);   but;   on   the
  contrary; that there was of necessity some other more perfect Being upon
  whom I was dependent; and from whom I had received all that I possessed;
  for if I had existed alone; and independently of every other being; so as to
  have had from  myself all the perfection; however little; which I actually
  possessed; I should have been able; for the same reason; to have had from
  myself   the   whole   remainder   of   perfection;   of   the   want   of   which   I   was
  conscious;      and    thus   could    of  myself     have    bee      infinite;  eternal;
  immutable; omniscient; all…powerful; and; in fine; have possessed all the
  perfections   which   I   could   recognize   in   God。      For   in   order   to   know   the
  nature   of   God   (whose   existence   has   been   established   by   the   preceding
  reasonings); as far as my own nature permitted; I had only to consider in
  reference to all the properties of which I found in my                  mind some idea;
  whether their possession was a mark of perfection; and I was assured that
  no one which indicated any imperfection was in him; and that none of the
  rest was awanting。         Thus I perceived that doubt; inconstancy;               sadness;
  and such like; could not be found in God; since I myself would have been
  happy   to   be   free   from   them。   Besides;   I   had   ideas   of   many   sensible   and
  corporeal things; for although I might suppose that I was dreaming;  and
  that all which I saw or imagined was false; I could not; nevertheless; deny
  that the ideas were in reality in my thoughts。              But; because I had already
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  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  very clearly recognized in myself that the intelligent nature is distinct from
  the   corporeal;   and   as   I   observed   that   all   position   is   an   evidence   of
  depend