第 5 节
作者:僻处自说      更新:2024-05-31 15:57      字数:9320
  many     parts   as  possible;    and   as  might    be   necessary    for  its  adequate
  solution。
  The third; to conduct my thoughts in such order that; by mencing
  with objects the simplest and easiest to know; I might ascend by little and
  little; and; as it were; step by step; to the knowledge of the more plex;
  assigning in thought a certain order even to those objects which in their
  own nature do not stand in a relation of antecedence and sequence。
  And   the   last;   in   every   case   to   make   enumerations   so   plete;   and
  reviews so general; that I might be assured that nothing was omitted。
  The   long   chains   of   simple   and   easy   reasonings   by   means   of   which
  geometers are accustomed to reach the conclusions of their most difficult
  demonstrations; had led me to imagine that all things; to the knowledge of
  which man is petent; are mutually connected in the same way; and that
  there is nothing so far removed from us as to be beyond our reach; or so
  hidden     that   we   cannot    discover    it;  provided     only   we   abstain    from
  accepting the false for the true; and always   preserve in our thoughts   the
  order necessary for the deduction of one truth from another。                  And I had
  little difficulty in determining the objects with which it was necessary to
  mence; for I was already persuaded that it must be with the simplest
  and easiest to know; and; considering that of all those who have hitherto
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  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  sought truth in the sciences; the mathematicians alone have been able to
  find any demonstrations; that is; any certain and evident reasons; I did not
  doubt   but   that   such   must   have   been   the   rule   of   their   investigations。   I
  resolved   to   mence;   therefore;   with   the   examination   of   the   simplest
  objects; not anticipating; however; from this any other advantage than that
  to be found in accustoming my mind to the love and nourishment of truth;
  and to a distaste for all such reasonings as were unsound。                   But I had no
  intention on that account of attempting to master all the particular sciences
  monly         denominated       mathematics:        but    observing     that;   however
  different    their   objects;   they   all  agree    in  considering     only   the   various
  relations or proportions subsisting among those objects; I thought it best
  for   my   purpose   to   consider   these   proportions   in   the   most   general   form
  possible; without referring them to any objects in particular; except such as
  would most facilitate the knowledge of them; and without by any means
  restricting them to these; that afterwards I might thus be the better able to
  apply them to every other class of objects to which they are legitimately
  applicable。      Perceiving further; that in order to understand these relations
  I should sometimes have to consider them one by one and sometimes only
  to bear them in mind; or embrace them in the aggregate; I thought that; in
  order   the   better   to   consider   them   individually;   I   should   view   them   as
  subsisting between straight lines; than which I could find no objects more
  simple; or capable of being more distinctly represented to my imagination
  and   senses;   and   on   the   other   hand;   that   in   order   to   retain   them   in   the
  memory   or   embrace   an   aggregate   of   many;   I   should   express   them   by
  certain characters the briefest possible。           In this way I believed that I could
  borrow all that was best both in geometrical analysis and in algebra; and
  correct all the defects of the one by help of the other。
  And;   in   point   of   fact;   the   accurate   observance   of   these   few   precepts
  gave   me;   I   take   the   liberty   of   saying;   such   ease   in   unraveling   all   the
  questions embraced in these two sciences; that in the two or three months I
  devoted to their examination; not only did I reach solutions of questions I
  had formerly deemed exceedingly difficult but even as regards questions
  of the solution of which I continued ignorant; I was enabled; as it appeared
  to me; to determine the means whereby; and the extent to which a solution
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  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  was   possible;   results   attributable   to   the   circumstance   that   I   menced
  with    the   simplest    and    most   general    truths;   and   that   thus   each    truth
  discovered was a rule available in the discovery of subsequent ones Nor in
  this perhaps shall I appear too vain; if it be considered that; as the truth on
  any particular point is one whoever apprehends the truth; knows all that on
  that    point     can   be  known。      The     child;   for  example;     who     has   been
  instructed in the elements of arithmetic; and has made a particular addition;
  according to rule; may be assured that   he has found; with respect to   the
  sum   of   the   numbers   before   him;   and   that   in   this   instance   is   within   the
  reach of human genius。           Now; in conclusion; the method which teaches
  adherence to the true order; and an exact enumeration of all the conditions
  of   the   thing   。sought    includes    all  that  gives    certitude   to   the  rules   of
  arithmetic。
  But   the   chief   ground   of   my   satisfaction   with   thus   method;   was   the
  assurance I had of thereby exercising my reason in all matters; if not with
  absolute perfection; at least with the greatest attainable by me: besides; I
  was conscious that by its use my mind was being gradually habituated
  to clearer and more distinct conceptions of its objects; and I hoped also;
  from not having restricted this method to any particular matter; to apply it
  to the difficulties of the other sciences; with not less success than to those
  of algebra。      I should not; however; on this account have ventured at once
  on the examination of all the difficulties of the sciences which presented
  themselves       to  me;    for  this   would     have   been    contrary     to  the   order
  prescribed   in   the   method;   but   observing   that   the   knowledge   of   such   is
  dependent       on  principles    borrowed      from   philosophy;     in  which     I  found
  nothing certain; I thought it necessary first of all to endeavor to establish
  its principles。     。And because I observed;  besides; that an inquiry of   this
  kind     was   of   all  others    of  the   greatest    moment;      and   one   in   which
  precipitancy   and   anticipation       in  judgment   were   most   to      be   dreaded;   I
  thought that I ought not to approach it till I had reached a more mature age
  (being at that time but twenty…three); and had first of all employed much
  of my  time in   preparation for the work;   as well   by eradicating   from  my
  mind all the erroneous opinions I had up to that moment accepted; as by
  amassing variety of experience to afford materials for my reasonings; and
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  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  by   continually   exercising   myself   in   my   chosen   method   with   a   view   to
  increased skill in its application。
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  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  PART III
  And   finally;   as   it   is   not   enough;   before   mencing   to   rebuild   the
  house in which we live; that it be pulled down; and materials and builders
  provided;   or   that   we   engage   in   the   work   ourselves;   according   to   a   plan
  which     we   have    beforehand     carefully    drawn    out;  but   as  it  is  likewise
  necessary that we be furnished with some other house in which we may
  live    modiously       during    the  operations;    so  that   I  might   not  remain
  irresolute   in   my  actions;   while   my   reason   pelled   me   to   suspend   my
  judgement; and that I might not be prevented from living thenceforward in
  the    greatest   possible    felicity;  I  formed     a  provisory     code   of   morals;
  posed of three or four maxims; with which I am desirous to make you
  acquainted。
  The first was to obey the laws and customs of my country; adhering