第 4 节
作者:僻处自说      更新:2024-05-31 15:57      字数:9322
  sufficient   to   assure   us);   custom   has   without   doubt   materially   smoothed
  their inconveniences; and has even managed to steer altogether clear of; or
  insensibly   corrected   a   number   which   sagacity   could   not   have   provided
  against with equal effect; and; in fine; the defects are almost always more
  tolerable than the change necessary for their removal; in the same manner
  that highways which wind among mountains; by being much frequented;
  bee   gradually   so   smooth   and   modious;   that   it   is   much   better   to
  follow   them   than   to   seek   a  straighter   path   by   climbing   over   the   tops   of
  rocks and descending to the bottoms of precipices。
  Hence it is that I cannot in any degree approve of those restless and
  busy meddlers who; called neither by birth nor fortune to take part in the
  management of public affairs; are yet always projecting reforms; and if I
  thought that this   tract   contained   aught which   might   justify  the   suspicion
  that   I  was    a  victim    of  such    folly;  I  would    by   no   means     permit    its
  publication。       I    have    never    contemplated       anything     higher    than    the
  reformation of my own opinions; and basing them on a foundation wholly
  my own。       And although my own satisfaction with my work has led me to
  present here a draft of it; I do not by any means therefore remend to
  every one else to make a similar attempt。             Those whom God has endowed
  with a larger measure of genius will entertain; perhaps; designs still more
  exalted;     but   for  the   many     I  am    much     afraid   lest  even    the   present
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  undertaking be more than they can safely venture to imitate。                    The single
  design to strip one's self of all past beliefs is one that ought not to be taken
  by every one。 The majority of men is posed of two classes; for neither
  of which would this be at all a befitting resolution:               in the first place; of
  those   who   with   more   than   a   due   confidence   in   their   own   powers;   are
  precipitate in their judgments and want the patience requisite for orderly
  and circumspect thinking; whence it happens; that if men of this class once
  take the liberty to doubt of their accustomed opinions; and quit the beaten
  highway; they will never be able to thread the byway that would lead them
  by a shorter course; and will lose themselves and continue to wander for
  life;   in   the   second   place;   of   those   who;   possessed   of   sufficient   sense   or
  modesty to determine that there are others who excel them in the power of
  discriminating       between     truth   and   error;   and   by   whom      they   may    be
  instructed;   ought   rather   to   content   themselves   with   the   opinions   of   such
  than trust for more correct to their own reason。
  For my own part; I should doubtless have belonged to the latter class;
  had I received instruction from but one master; or had I never known the
  diversities   of   opinion   that   from  time   immemorial   have   prevailed   among
  men of the greatest learning。           But I had bee aware; even so early as
  during   my   college   life;   that   no   opinion;   however   absurd   and   incredible;
  can    be   imagined;    which     has  not   been   maintained      by   some   on   of  the
  philosophers; and afterwards in the course of my travels I remarked that
  all those  whose opinions are decidedly  repugnant to ours are  not in that
  account   barbarians   and   savages;   but   on   the   contrary   that   many   of   these
  nations make an equally good; if not better; use of their reason than we do。
  I   took   into  account     also  the   very   different   character    which     a  person
  brought up from infancy in France or Germany exhibits; from that which;
  with the same mind originally; this individual would have possessed had
  he lived always among the Chinese or with savages; and the circumstance
  that in dress itself the fashion which pleased us ten years ago; and which
  may   again;   perhaps;   be   received   into   favor   before   ten   years   have   gone;
  appears to us at this moment extravagant and ridiculous。                   I was thus led
  to infer that the ground of our opinions is far more custom and example
  than any certain knowledge。           And; finally; although such be the ground of
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  our   opinions;   I   remarked   that   a  plurality  of   suffrages   is   no   guarantee   of
  truth where it is at   all of   difficult discovery;  as in such cases   it is   much
  more likely that it will be found by one than by many。                  I could; however;
  select    from     the   crowd     no   one    whose     opinions     seemed     worthy     of
  preference; and thus I found myself constrained; as it were; to use my own
  reason in the conduct of my life。
  But like one walking alone and in the dark; I resolved to proceed so
  slowly and with such circumspection; that if I did not advance far; I would
  at least guard against falling。        I did not even choose to dismiss summarily
  any   of   the   opinions   that   had   crept   into   my   belief   without   having   been
  introduced   by   reason;   but   first   of   all   took   sufficient   time   carefully   to
  satisfy myself of the general nature of the task I was setting myself; and
  ascertain the true method by which to arrive at the knowledge of whatever
  lay within the pass of my powers。
  Among the branches of philosophy; I had; at an earlier period; given
  some      attention    to   logic;   and    among      those    of  the   mathematics        to
  geometrical analysis and algebra;  three arts or sciences which ought; as I
  conceived; to contribute something to my design。                  But; on examination; I
  found     that;  as   for  logic;   its  syllogisms    and    the  majority     of  its  other
  precepts   are   of   avail…   rather   in   the   munication   of   what   we   already
  know; or even as the art of Lully; in speaking without judgment of things
  of which we are ignorant; than in the investigation of the unknown; and
  although      this  science    contains    indeed     a  number     of   correct   and   very
  excellent precepts; there are; nevertheless; so many others; and these either
  injurious or superfluous; mingled with the former; that it is almost quite as
  difficult to effect a severance of the true from the false as it is to extract a
  Diana or a Minerva from a rough block of marble。 Then as to the analysis
  of the ancients and the algebra of the moderns; besides that they embrace
  only matters highly abstract; and; to appearance; of no use; the former is
  so exclusively restricted to the consideration of figures; that it can exercise
  the understanding only on condition of greatly fatiguing the imagination;
  and;   in   the   latter;   there   is   so   plete   a   subjection   to   certain   rules   and
  formulas;      that   there   results    an   art  full   of  confusion      and   obscurity
  calculated to embarrass; instead of a science fitted to cultivate the mind。
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  By these considerations I was induced to seek some other method which
  would   prise   the   advantages   of   the   three   and   be   exempt   from   their
  defects。    And as a multitude of laws often only hampers justice; so that a
  state is best governed when; with few laws; these are rigidly administered;
  in like manner; instead of the great number of precepts of which logic is
  posed;       I  believed    that  the   four   following    would    prove    perfectly
  sufficient   for   me;   provided   I   took   the   firm   and   unwavering   resolution
  never in a single instance to fail in observing them。
  The first was never to accept anything for true which I did not clearly
  know     to  be   such;   that  is  to  say;  carefully   to  avoid    precipitancy    and
  prejudice; and to prise nothing more in my judgement than what was
  presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly as to exclude all ground of
  doubt。
  The second; to divide each of the difficulties under examination into as
  many     parts   as  possible;    and   as  might    be   necessary    for  its  adequate
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