第 3 节
作者:僻处自说      更新:2024-05-31 15:57      字数:9322
  moment;   and   followed   by   no   consequences   to   himself;   farther;   perhaps;
  than that they foster his vanity the better the more remote they are from
  mon sense; requiring; as they must in this case; the exercise of greater
  ingenuity  and   art   to   render   them   probable。     In   addition;   I   had   always   a
  most earnest desire to know how to distinguish the true from the false; in
  order that I might be able clearly to discriminate the right path in life; and
  proceed in it with confidence。
  It is true that; while busied only in considering the manners of other
  men;   I   found   here;   too;   scarce   any   ground   for   settled   conviction;   and
  remarked hardly less contradiction among them than in the opinions of the
  philosophers。       So   that   the   greatest   advantage   I   derived   from   the   study
  consisted in this; that; observing many things which; however extravagant
  and ridiculous to our apprehension; are yet by mon consent received
  and approved by other great nations; I learned to entertain too decided a
  belief   in   regard   to   nothing   of   the   truth   of   which   I   had   been   persuaded
  merely   by   example   and   custom;   and   thus   I   gradually   extricated   myself
  from many errors powerful enough to darken our natural intelligence; and
  incapacitate us in great measure from listening to reason。                 But after I had
  been occupied several years in thus studying the book of the world; and in
  essaying to gather some experience; I at length resolved to make myself an
  object of study; and to employ all the powers of my mind in choosing the
  paths   I   ought   to   follow;   an   undertaking   which   was   acpanied   with
  greater success than it would have been had I never quitted my country or
  my books。
  8
  … Page 9…
  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  PART II
  I was   then in Germany;   attracted   thither by  the  wars in   that   country;
  which have not yet been brought to a termination; and as I was returning
  to the army from the   coronation of the emperor;  the setting in of   winter
  arrested me in a locality where; as I found no society to interest me; and
  was besides fortunately undisturbed by any cares or passions; I remained
  the whole day in seclusion; with full opportunity to occupy my attention
  with my own thoughts。           Of these one of the very first that occurred to me
  was; that there is seldom so much perfection in works posed of many
  separate parts; upon which different hands had been employed; as in those
  pleted by a single master。              Thus it is observable that the buildings
  which   a   single   architect   has   planned   and   executed;   are   generally   more
  elegant     and   modious       than   those   which    several    have   attempted     to
  improve; by making old walls serve for purposes for which they were not
  originally built。      Thus also; those ancient cities which; from being at first
  only villages; have bee; in course of time; large towns; are usually but
  ill   laid  out   pared     with    the  regularity    constructed    towns    which     a
  professional architect has freely planned on an open plain; so that although
  the several buildings of the former may often equal or surpass in beauty
  those     of   the    latter;  yet    when     one    observes     their   indiscriminate
  juxtaposition;   there   a   large   one   and   here   a   small;   and  the   consequent
  crookedness and irregularity of the streets; one is disposed to allege that
  chance rather than any human will guided by reason must have led to such
  an arrangement。        And if we consider that nevertheless there have been at
  all times   certain   officers   whose duty  it   was   to   see   that   private   buildings
  contributed to public ornament; the difficulty of reaching high perfection
  with     but   the   materials     of   others    to  operate     on;   will   be   readily
  acknowledged。         In   the  same    way    I  fancied   that  those   nations    which;
  starting from a semi…barbarous state and advancing to civilization by slow
  degrees;   have   had   their   laws   successively   determined;   and;   as   it   were;
  forced   upon   them   simply   by   experience   of   the   hurtfulness   of   particular
  9
  … Page 10…
  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  crimes and disputes; would by this process e to be possessed of less
  perfect   institutions   than   those   which;   from   the   mencement   of   their
  association as munities; have followed the appointments of some wise
  legislator。     It is thus quite certain that the constitution of the true religion;
  the   ordinances   of   which   are   derived   from   God;   must   be   inparably
  superior to that of every other。           And; to speak of human affairs; I believe
  that the pre…eminence of Sparta was due not to the goodness of each of its
  laws in particular; for many of these were very strange; and even opposed
  to   good    morals;     but  to   the  circumstance       that;  originated     by   a  single
  individual; they all tended to a single end。             In the same way I thought that
  the sciences contained in books (such of them at least as are made up of
  probable reasonings; without demonstrations); posed as they are of the
  opinions      of   many     different    individuals      massed     together;    are   farther
  removed from truth than the simple inferences which a man of good sense
  using his natural and unprejudiced judgment draws respecting the matters
  of   his   experience。     And   because   we   have   all   to   pass   through   a   state   of
  infancy   to   manhood;   and   have   been   of   necessity;   for   a   length   of   time;
  governed   by   our   desires   and   preceptors   (whose   dictates   were   frequently
  conflicting;   while   neither   perhaps   always   counseled   us   for   the   best);   I
  farther concluded that it is almost impossible that our judgments can be so
  correct or solid as they would have been; had our reason been mature from
  the moment of our birth; and had we always been guided by it alone。
  It is true; however; that it is not customary to pull down all the houses
  of   a   town    with   the   single   design    of   rebuilding    them     differently;   and
  thereby rendering the streets more handsome; but it often happens that a
  private individual takes down his own with the view of erecting it anew;
  and that people are even sometimes constrained to this when their houses
  are in   danger of  falling from  age;  or when the foundations   are  insecure。
  With   this   before   me   by   way   of   example;   I   was   persuaded   that   it   would
  indeed   be   preposterous   for   a   private   individual   to   think   of   reforming   a
  state by fundamentally changing it throughout; and overturning it in order
  to   set   it   up   amended;   and   the   same   I   thought   was   true   of   any   similar
  project   for   reforming   the   body   of   the   sciences;   or   the   order   of   teaching
  them established in the schools:             but as for the opinions which up to that
  10
  … Page 11…
  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  time I had embraced; I thought that I could not do better than resolve at
  once to sweep them wholly away; that I might afterwards be in a position
  to admit either others more correct; or even perhaps the same when they
  had undergone the scrutiny of reason。             I firmly believed that in this way I
  should much better succeed in the conduct of my life; than if I built only
  upon old   foundations; and leaned   upon principles   which;  in my  youth;  I
  had   taken   upon   trust。    For   although   I   recognized   various   difficulties   in
  this undertaking; these were not; however; without remedy; nor once to be
  pared   with such   as  attend   the  slightest   reformation   in   public   affairs。
  Large bodies; if once overthrown; are with great difficulty set up again; or
  even kept erect when once seriously shaken; and the fall of such is always
  disastrous。      Then   if   there   are   any   imperfections   in   the   constitutions   of
  states   (and   that   many   such   exist   the   diversity   of   constitutions   is   alone
  sufficient   to   assure   us);   custom   has   without   doubt   materially   smoothed
  their i