第 2 节
作者:僻处自说      更新:2024-05-31 15:57      字数:9322
  men by myself; and of concluding that there was no science in existence
  that was of such a nature as I had previously been given to believe。
  I still continued; however; to hold in esteem the studies of the schools。
  I   was    aware    that  the   languages     taught    in  them    are  necessary     to  the
  understanding of the writings of the ancients; that the grace of fable stirs
  the mind; that the memorable deeds of history elevate it; and; if read with
  discretion;  aid   in   forming   the   judgment;   that   the   perusal   of   all   excellent
  books is;      as it were; to interview with the noblest men of past ages; who
  have written them; and even a studied interview; in which are discovered
  to us only their choicest thoughts; that eloquence has inparable force
  and   beauty;   that   poesy   has   its   ravishing   graces   and   delights;   that   in   the
  mathematics there are many refined discoveries eminently suited to gratify
  the inquisitive; as well as further all the arts an lessen the labour of man;
  that    numerous      highly    useful   precepts     and   exhortations      to  virtue   are
  contained      in  treatises   on   morals;    that  theology   points     out  the   path   to
  heaven;      that   philosophy      affords    the   means     of   discoursing     with    an
  appearance of   truth on   all   matters;   and   mands   the   admiration   of   the
  more simple; that jurisprudence; medicine; and the other sciences; secure
  for   their   cultivators   honors   and   riches;   and;   in   fine;   that   it   is   useful   to
  bestow some   attention upon   all;  even upon   those  abounding the  most   in
  superstition and error; that we may be in a position to determine their real
  value; and guard against being deceived。
  But   I   believed   that   I   had   already   given   sufficient   time   to   languages;
  and likewise to the reading of the writings of the ancients; to their histories
  and fables。        For to hold converse with those of other ages and to travel;
  are almost the same thing。          It is useful to know something of the manners
  of   different   nations;   that   we   may   be   enabled     to   form   a   more   correct
  judgment       regarding     our   own;    and    be   prevented     from    thinking     that
  everything       contrary     to  our    customs     is   ridiculous    and    irrational;    a
  conclusion usually e to by those whose experience has been limited to
  their own country。        On the other hand; when too much time is occupied in
  traveling; we bee strangers to our native country; and the over curious
  in the customs of the past are generally ignorant of those of the present。
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  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  Besides;   fictitious   narratives   lead   us   to   imagine   the   possibility   of   many
  events that are impossible; and even the most faithful histories; if they do
  not wholly misrepresent matters; or exaggerate their importance to render
  the account of them more worthy of perusal; omit; at least; almost always
  the   meanest   and   least   striking   of   the   attendant   circumstances;   hence   it
  happens that the remainder does not represent the truth; and that such as
  regulate their conduct by examples drawn from this source; are apt to fall
  into the extravagances of the knight…errants of romance; and to entertain
  projects that exceed their powers。
  I   esteemed   eloquence   highly;   and   was   in   raptures   with   poesy;   but   I
  thought that both were gifts of nature rather than fruits of study。              Those in
  whom      the   faculty   of  reason    is  predominant;     and   who    most    skillfully
  dispose their thoughts with a view to render them clear and intelligible; are
  always the best able to persuade others of the truth of what they lay down;
  though they should speak only in the language of Lower Brittany; and be
  wholly ignorant of the rules of rhetoric; and those whose minds are stored
  with the most agreeable fancies; and who can give expression to them with
  the  greatest   embellishment   and   harmony;   are   still   the  best   poets;   though
  unacquainted with the art of poetry。
  I   was   especially   delighted   with   the   mathematics;   on   account   of   the
  certitude and evidence of their reasonings;             but I had not as yet a precise
  knowledge of their true use; and thinking that they but contributed to the
  advancement of the mechanical arts; I was astonished that foundations; so
  strong and solid; should have had no loftier superstructure reared on them。
  On the other hand; I pared the disquisitions of the ancient moralists to
  very towering and magnificent palaces with no better foundation than sand
  and    mud:      they    laud   the   virtues   very   highly;    and   exhibit    them    as
  estimable     far  above    anything     on  earth;   but  they   give   us   no  adequate
  criterion of virtue; and frequently that which they designate with so fine a
  name is but apathy; or pride; or despair; or parricide。
  I revered our theology; and aspired as much as any one to reach heaven:
  but being given assuredly to understand that the way is not less open to the
  most ignorant than to the most learned; and that the revealed truths which
  lead to heaven are above our prehension; I did not presume to subject
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  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  them     to  the   impotency      of  my    reason;    and   I  thought    that   in  order
  petently       to  undertake     their  examination;     there   was   need    of  some
  special help from heaven; and of being more than man。
  Of philosophy I will say nothing; except that when I saw that it had
  been cultivated for many ages by the most distinguished men; and that yet
  there is not a single matter within its sphere which is not still in dispute;
  and    nothing;    therefore;    which    is  above    doubt;   I  did  not   presume     to
  anticipate that my success would be greater in it than that of others; and
  further; when I considered the number of conflicting opinions touching a
  single matter that may be upheld by learned men; while there can be but
  one true; I reckoned as well…nigh false all that was only probable。
  As   to   the   other   sciences;   inasmuch   as   these   borrow   their   principles
  from philosophy; I judged that no solid superstructures could be reared on
  foundations so infirm; and neither the honor nor the gain held out by them
  was sufficient to determine me to their cultivation:               for I was not; thank
  Heaven;   in     a   condition   which   pelled      me   to  make   merchandise   of
  science for the bettering of my fortune; and though I might not profess to
  scorn glory as a cynic; I yet made very slight account of that honor which I
  hoped   to   acquire   only   through   fictitious   titles。   And;   in   fine;   of   false
  sciences I thought I knew the worth sufficiently to escape being deceived
  by   the   professions   of   an   alchemist;   the   predictions   of   an   astrologer;   the
  impostures of a magician; or by the artifices and boasting of any of those
  who profess to know things of which they are ignorant。
  For these reasons; as soon as my age permitted me to pass from under
  the control of my instructors; I entirely abandoned the study of letters; and
  resolved no longer to seek any other science than the knowledge of myself;
  or of the great book of the world。           I spent the remainder of my youth in
  traveling; in visiting courts and armies; in holding intercourse with men of
  different     dispositions    and    ranks;   in  collecting    varied    experience;     in
  proving myself in the different situations into which fortune threw me; and;
  above all; in making such reflection on the matter of my experience as to
  secure my improvement。            For it occurred to me that I should find much
  more truth in the reasonings of each individual with reference to the affairs
  in which he is personally interested; and the issue of which must presently
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  punish him if he has judged amiss; than in those conducted by a man of
  letters in his study; regarding speculative matters that are of no practical
  moment;   and   followed   by   no   consequences   to   himself;   farther;   perhaps;
  than that they foster his