第 2 节
作者:
僻处自说 更新:2024-05-31 15:57 字数:9322
men by myself; and of concluding that there was no science in existence
that was of such a nature as I had previously been given to believe。
I still continued; however; to hold in esteem the studies of the schools。
I was aware that the languages taught in them are necessary to the
understanding of the writings of the ancients; that the grace of fable stirs
the mind; that the memorable deeds of history elevate it; and; if read with
discretion; aid in forming the judgment; that the perusal of all excellent
books is; as it were; to interview with the noblest men of past ages; who
have written them; and even a studied interview; in which are discovered
to us only their choicest thoughts; that eloquence has inparable force
and beauty; that poesy has its ravishing graces and delights; that in the
mathematics there are many refined discoveries eminently suited to gratify
the inquisitive; as well as further all the arts an lessen the labour of man;
that numerous highly useful precepts and exhortations to virtue are
contained in treatises on morals; that theology points out the path to
heaven; that philosophy affords the means of discoursing with an
appearance of truth on all matters; and mands the admiration of the
more simple; that jurisprudence; medicine; and the other sciences; secure
for their cultivators honors and riches; and; in fine; that it is useful to
bestow some attention upon all; even upon those abounding the most in
superstition and error; that we may be in a position to determine their real
value; and guard against being deceived。
But I believed that I had already given sufficient time to languages;
and likewise to the reading of the writings of the ancients; to their histories
and fables。 For to hold converse with those of other ages and to travel;
are almost the same thing。 It is useful to know something of the manners
of different nations; that we may be enabled to form a more correct
judgment regarding our own; and be prevented from thinking that
everything contrary to our customs is ridiculous and irrational; a
conclusion usually e to by those whose experience has been limited to
their own country。 On the other hand; when too much time is occupied in
traveling; we bee strangers to our native country; and the over curious
in the customs of the past are generally ignorant of those of the present。
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Besides; fictitious narratives lead us to imagine the possibility of many
events that are impossible; and even the most faithful histories; if they do
not wholly misrepresent matters; or exaggerate their importance to render
the account of them more worthy of perusal; omit; at least; almost always
the meanest and least striking of the attendant circumstances; hence it
happens that the remainder does not represent the truth; and that such as
regulate their conduct by examples drawn from this source; are apt to fall
into the extravagances of the knight…errants of romance; and to entertain
projects that exceed their powers。
I esteemed eloquence highly; and was in raptures with poesy; but I
thought that both were gifts of nature rather than fruits of study。 Those in
whom the faculty of reason is predominant; and who most skillfully
dispose their thoughts with a view to render them clear and intelligible; are
always the best able to persuade others of the truth of what they lay down;
though they should speak only in the language of Lower Brittany; and be
wholly ignorant of the rules of rhetoric; and those whose minds are stored
with the most agreeable fancies; and who can give expression to them with
the greatest embellishment and harmony; are still the best poets; though
unacquainted with the art of poetry。
I was especially delighted with the mathematics; on account of the
certitude and evidence of their reasonings; but I had not as yet a precise
knowledge of their true use; and thinking that they but contributed to the
advancement of the mechanical arts; I was astonished that foundations; so
strong and solid; should have had no loftier superstructure reared on them。
On the other hand; I pared the disquisitions of the ancient moralists to
very towering and magnificent palaces with no better foundation than sand
and mud: they laud the virtues very highly; and exhibit them as
estimable far above anything on earth; but they give us no adequate
criterion of virtue; and frequently that which they designate with so fine a
name is but apathy; or pride; or despair; or parricide。
I revered our theology; and aspired as much as any one to reach heaven:
but being given assuredly to understand that the way is not less open to the
most ignorant than to the most learned; and that the revealed truths which
lead to heaven are above our prehension; I did not presume to subject
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them to the impotency of my reason; and I thought that in order
petently to undertake their examination; there was need of some
special help from heaven; and of being more than man。
Of philosophy I will say nothing; except that when I saw that it had
been cultivated for many ages by the most distinguished men; and that yet
there is not a single matter within its sphere which is not still in dispute;
and nothing; therefore; which is above doubt; I did not presume to
anticipate that my success would be greater in it than that of others; and
further; when I considered the number of conflicting opinions touching a
single matter that may be upheld by learned men; while there can be but
one true; I reckoned as well…nigh false all that was only probable。
As to the other sciences; inasmuch as these borrow their principles
from philosophy; I judged that no solid superstructures could be reared on
foundations so infirm; and neither the honor nor the gain held out by them
was sufficient to determine me to their cultivation: for I was not; thank
Heaven; in a condition which pelled me to make merchandise of
science for the bettering of my fortune; and though I might not profess to
scorn glory as a cynic; I yet made very slight account of that honor which I
hoped to acquire only through fictitious titles。 And; in fine; of false
sciences I thought I knew the worth sufficiently to escape being deceived
by the professions of an alchemist; the predictions of an astrologer; the
impostures of a magician; or by the artifices and boasting of any of those
who profess to know things of which they are ignorant。
For these reasons; as soon as my age permitted me to pass from under
the control of my instructors; I entirely abandoned the study of letters; and
resolved no longer to seek any other science than the knowledge of myself;
or of the great book of the world。 I spent the remainder of my youth in
traveling; in visiting courts and armies; in holding intercourse with men of
different dispositions and ranks; in collecting varied experience; in
proving myself in the different situations into which fortune threw me; and;
above all; in making such reflection on the matter of my experience as to
secure my improvement。 For it occurred to me that I should find much
more truth in the reasonings of each individual with reference to the affairs
in which he is personally interested; and the issue of which must presently
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punish him if he has judged amiss; than in those conducted by a man of
letters in his study; regarding speculative matters that are of no practical
moment; and followed by no consequences to himself; farther; perhaps;
than that they foster his