第 1 节
作者:僻处自说      更新:2024-05-31 15:57      字数:9322
  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  DISCOURSE ON THE
  METHOD OF RIGHTLY
  CONDUCTING THE
  REASON; AND SEEKING
  TRUTH IN THE
  SCIENCES
  by Rene Descartes
  1
  … Page 2…
  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  PREFATORY NOTE BY THE AUTHOR
  If this Discourse appear too long to be read at once; it may be divided
  into   six   Parts:  and;   in   the   first;   will   be   found   various   considerations
  touching   the   Sciences;   in   the   second;   the   principal   rules   of   the   Method
  which   the   Author   has   discovered;   in   the   third;   certain   of   the   rules   of
  Morals     which     he  has   deduced     from   this   Method;     in  the  fourth;   the
  reasonings by which he establishes the existence of God and of the Human
  Soul; which are the foundations of his Metaphysic; in the fifth; the order
  of the Physical questions which he has investigated; and; in particular; the
  explication     of  the   motion    of  the  heart   and   of  some    other   difficulties
  pertaining to Medicine; as also the difference between the soul of man and
  that of the brutes; and; in the last; what the Author believes to be required
  in order to greater advancement in the investigation of Nature than has yet
  been made; with the reasons that have induced him to write。
  PART 1
  Good sense is; of all things among men; the most equally distributed;
  for   every   one   thinks   himself   so   abundantly   provided   with   it;   that   those
  even who are the most difficult to satisfy in everything else; do not usually
  desire a larger measure of this quality than they already possess。                And in
  this it is not likely that all are mistaken the conviction is rather to be held
  as testifying that   the power of   judging aright and of distinguishing truth
  from error; which is properly what is called             good sense or reason; is by
  nature     equal    in  all  men;     and   that   the   diversity    of  our    opinions;
  consequently; does not arise from some being endowed with a larger share
  of reason than others; but solely from this; that we conduct our thoughts
  along different ways; and do not fix our attention on the same objects。 For
  to be possessed of a vigorous mind is not enough; the prime requisite is
  rightly to apply it。     The greatest minds; as they are capable of the highest
  2
  … Page 3…
  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  excellences; are open likewise to the greatest aberrations; and those who
  travel very slowly may yet make far greater progress; provided they keep
  always to the straight road; than those who; while they run; forsake it。
  For myself; I have never fancied my mind to be in any respect more
  perfect than those of the generality; on the contrary; I have often wished
  that I were equal to some others in promptitude of thought; or in clearness
  and   distinctness   of imagination;  or in   fullness   and   readiness of   memory。
  And   besides   these;   I   know   of   no   other   qualities   that   contribute   to   the
  perfection of the mind; for as to the reason or sense; inasmuch as it is that
  alone which constitutes us men; and distinguishes us from the brutes; I am
  disposed to believe that it is to be found plete in each individual; and
  on this point to adopt the mon opinion of philosophers; who say that
  the difference of greater and less holds only among the accidents; and not
  among the forms or natures of individuals of the same species。
  I   will   not   hesitate;   however;   to   avow   my   belief   that   it   has   been   my
  singular   good      fortune   to   have   very   early   in   life   fallen   in   with   certain
  tracks which have conducted me to considerations and maxims; of which I
  have formed a   method that gives me the   means;  as I think; of   gradually
  augmenting   my   knowledge;   and   of   raising   it   by   little   and   little   to   the
  highest point which the mediocrity of my talents and the brief duration of
  my life will permit me to reach。            For I have already reaped from it such
  fruits   that;   although   I   have   been   accustomed   to   think   lowly   enough   of
  myself;   and   although   when   I   look   with   the   eye   of   a   philosopher   at   the
  varied courses and pursuits of mankind at large; I find scarcely one which
  does   not   appear   in   vain   and   useless;   I   nevertheless   derive   the   highest
  satisfaction from the progress I conceive myself to have already made in
  the search after truth; and cannot help entertaining such expectations of the
  future as to believe that if; among the occupations of men as men; there is
  any one really excellent and important; it is that which I have chosen。
  After all; it is possible I may be mistaken; and it is but a little copper
  and glass; perhaps; that I take for gold and diamonds。                  I know how very
  liable we are to delusion in what relates to ourselves; and also how much
  the judgments of our friends are to be suspected when given in our favor。
  But I shall endeavor in this discourse to describe the paths I have followed;
  3
  … Page 4…
  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  and to delineate my life as in a picture; in order that each one may also be
  able    to  judge    of  them    for   himself;    and   that   in  the  general    opinion
  entertained of them; as gathered from current report; I myself may have a
  new help towards instruction to be added to those I have been in the habit
  of employing。
  My present design; then; is not to teach the method which each ought
  to follow for the right conduct of his reason; but solely to describe the way
  in    which    I  have    endeavored      to   conduct     my    own。     They     who    set
  themselves to give precepts must of course regard themselves as possessed
  of greater skill than those to whom they prescribe; and if they err in the
  slightest particular; they subject themselves to censure。                But as this tract
  is put forth merely as a history; or; if you will; as a tale; in which; amid
  some examples worthy of imitation; there will be found; perhaps; as many
  more which it were advisable not to follow; I hope it will prove useful to
  some without being hurtful to any; and that my openness will find some
  favor with all。
  From   my   childhood;   I   have   been   familiar   with   letters;   and   as   I   was
  given to believe that by their help a clear and certain knowledge of all that
  is useful in life might be acquired; I was ardently desirous of instruction。
  But   as   soon   as   I   had   finished   the   entire   course  of   study;   at   the   close   of
  which   it   is   customary   to   be   admitted   into   the   order   of   the   learned;   I
  pletely      changed     my    opinion。    For    I  found    myself    involved    in  so
  many doubts and errors; that I was convinced I had advanced no farther in
  all my  attempts at   learning; than the discovery  at every  turn of   my  own
  ignorance。      And yet I was studying in one of the most celebrated schools
  in Europe; in which I thought there must be learned men;                     if such were
  anywhere to be found。          I had been taught all that others learned there; and
  not contented with the sciences actually taught us; I had; in addition; read
  all the books that had fallen into my hands; treating of such branches as
  are   esteemed   the   most   curious   and   rare。     I   knew   the   judgment   which
  others had formed of me; and I did not find that I was considered inferior
  to my fellows; although there were among them some who were already
  marked   out   to   fill   the   places   of   our   instructors。 And;   in   fine;   our   age
  appeared   to   me   as   flourishing;   and   as   fertile   in   powerful   minds   as   any
  4
  … Page 5…
  DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON; AND
  SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES
  preceding one。        I was thus led to take the liberty of judging of all other
  men by myself; and of concluding that there was no science in exis