thly　courses；　or　such　as　are　otherwise　polluted；　it　is　not　lawful　for　them　to　be　partakers　of　this　sacrifice；　nor　indeed　for　any　foreigners　neither；　who　come　hither　to　worship。　　　　4。　Now　this　vast　multitude　is　indeed　collected　out　of　remote　places；　but　the　entire　nation　was　now　shut　up　by　fate　as　in　prison；　and　the　Roman　army　encompassed　the　city　when　it　was　crowded　with　inhabitants。　Accordingly；　the　multitude　of　those　that　therein　perished　exceeded　all　the　destructions　that　either　men　or　God　ever　brought　upon　the　world；　for；　to　speak　only　of　what　was　publicly　known；　the　Romans　slew　some　of　them；　some　they　carried　captives；　and　others　they　made　a　search　for　under　ground；　and　when　they　found　where　they　were；　they　broke　up　the　ground　and　slew　all　they　met　with。　There　were　also　found　slain　there　above　two　thousand　persons；　partly　by　their　own　hands；　and　partly　by　one　another；　but　chiefly　destroyed　by　the　famine；　but　then　the　ill　savor　of　the　dead　bodies　was　most　offensive　to　those　that　lighted　upon　them；　insomuch　that　some　were　obliged　to　get　away　immediately；　while　others　were　so　greedy　of　gain；　that　they　would　go　in　among　the　dead　bodies　that　lay　on　heaps；　and　tread　upon　them；　for　a　great　deal　of　treasure　was　found　in　these　caverns；　and　the　hope　of　gain　made　every　way　of　getting　it　to　be　esteemed　lawful。　Many　also　of　those　that　had　been　put　in　prison　by　the　tyrants　were　now　brought　out；　for　they　did　not　leave　off　their　barbarous　cruelty　at　the　very　last：　yet　did　God　avenge　himself　upon　them　both；　in　a　manner　agreeable　to　justice。　As　for　John；　he　wanted　food；　together　with　his　brethren；　in　these　caverns；　and　begged　that　the　Romans　would　now　give　him　their　right　hand　for　his　security；　which　he　had　often　proudly　rejected　before；　but　for　Simon；　he　struggled　hard　with　the　distress　he　was　in；　fill　he　was　forced　to　surrender　himself；　as　we　shall　relate　hereafter；　so　he　was　reserved　for　the　triumph；　and　to　be　then　slain；　as　was　John　condemned　to　perpetual　imprisonment。　And　now　the　Romans　set　fire　to　the　extreme　parts　of　the　city；　and　burnt　them　down；　and　entirely　demolished　its　walls。
  CHAPTER　10。　　　　　　　That　Whereas　The　City　Of　Jerusalem　Had　Been　Five　Times　Taken　Formerly；　This　Was　The　Second　Time　Of　Its　Desolation。　A　Brief　Account　Of　Its　History。　　　　1。　And　thus　was　Jerusalem　taken；　in　the　second　year　of　the　reign　of　Vespasian；　on　the　eighth　day　of　the　month　Gorpeius　＇Elul＇。　It　had　been　taken　five　（34）　times　before；　though　this　was　the　second　time　of　its　desolation；　for　Shishak；　the　king　of　Egypt；　and　after　him　Antiochus；　and　after　him　Pompey；　and　after　them　Sosius　and　Herod；　took　the　city；　but　still　preserved　it；　but　before　all　these；　the　king　of　Babylon　conquered　it；　and　made　it　desolate；　one　thousand　four　hundred　and　sixty…eight　years　and　six　months　after　it　was　built。　But　he　who　first　built　it。　Was　a　potent　man　among　the　Canaanites；　and　is　in　our　own　tongue　called　＇Melchisedek＇；　the　Righteous　King；　for　such　he　really　was；　on　which　account　he　was　＇there＇　the　first　priest　of　God；　and　first　built　a　temple　＇there＇；　and　called　the　city　Jerusalem；　which　was　formerly　called　Salem。　However；　David；　the　king　of　the　Jews；　ejected　the　Canaanites；　and　set…tied　his　own　people　therein。　It　was　demolished　entirely　by　the　Babylonians；　four　hundred　and　seventy…seven　years　and　six　months　after　him。　And　from　king　David；　who　was　the　first　of　the　Jews　who　reigned　therein；　to　this　destruction　under　Titus；　were　one　thousand　one　hundred　and　seventy…nine　years；　but　from　its　first　building；　till　this　last　destruction；　were　two　thousand　one　hundred　and　seventy…seven　years；　yet　hath　not　its　great　antiquity；　nor　its　vast　riches；　nor　the　diffusion　of　its　nation　over　all　the　habitable　earth；　nor　the　greatness　of　the　veneration　paid　to　it　on　a　religious　account；　been　sufficient　to　preserve　it　from　being　destroyed。　And　thus　ended　the　siege　of　Jerusalem。
  WAR　BOOK　6　FOOTNOTES
  （1）　Reland　notes　here；　very　pertinently；　that　the　tower　of　Antonia　stood　higher　than　the　floor　of　the　temple　or　court　adjoining　to　it；　and　that　accordingly　they　descended　thence　into　the　temple；　as　Josephus　elsewhere　speaks　also。　See　Book　VI。　ch。　2。　sect。　5。
  （2）　In　this　speech　of　Titus　we　may　clearly　see　the　notions　which　the　Romans　then　had　of　death；　and　of　the　happy　state　of　those　who　died　bravely　in　war；　and　the　contrary　estate　of　those　who　died　ignobly　in　their　beds　by　sickness。　Reland　here　also　produces　two　parallel　passages；　the　one　out　of　Atonia　Janus　Marcellinus；　concerning　the　Alani；　lib。　31；　that　〃they　judged　that　man　happy　who　laid　down　his　life　in　battle　；〃　the　other　of　Valerius　Maximus；　lib。　11。　ch。　6；　who　says；　〃that　the　Cimbri　and　Celtiberi　exulted　for　joy　in　the　army；　as　being　to　go　out　of　the　world　gloriously　and　happily。〃
  （3）　See　the　note　on　p。　809。
  （4）　No　wonder　that　this　Julian；　who　had　so　many　nails　in　his　shoes；　slipped　upon　the　pavement　of　the　temple；　which　was　smooth；　and　laid　with　marble　of　different　colors。
  （5）　This　was　a　remarkable　day　indeed；　the　seventeenth　of　Paneruns。　＇Tamuz；＇　A。D。　70；　when；　according　to　Daniel's　prediction；　six　hundred　and　six　years　before；　the　Romans　〃in　half　a　week　caused　the　sacrifice　and　oblation　to　cease；〃　Daniel　9：27。　For　from　the　month　of　February；　A。D。　66；　about　which　time　Vespasian　entered　on　this　war；　to　this　very　time；　was　just　three　years　and　a　half。　See　Bishop　Lloyd's　Tables　of　Chronology；　published　by　Mr。　Marshall；　on　this　year。　Nor　is　it　to　be　omitted；　what　year　nearly　confirms　this　duration　of　the　war；　that　four　years　before　the　war　begun　was　somewhat　above　seven　years　five　months　before　the　destruction　of　Jerusalem；　ch。　5。　sect。　3。
  （6）　The　same　that　in　the　New　Testament　is　always　so　called；　and　was　then　the　common　language　of　the　Jews　in　Judea；　which　was　the　Syriac　dialect。
  （7）　Our　present　copies　of　the　Old　Testament　want　this　encomium　upon　king　Jechoniah　or　Jehoiachim；　which　it　seems　was　in　Josephus's　copy。
  （8）　Of　this　oracle；　see　the　note　on　B。　IV。　ch。　6。　sect。　3。　Josephus；　both　here　and　in　many　places　elsewhere；　speaks　so；　that　it　is　most　evident　he　was　fully　satisfied　that　God　was　on　the　Romans'　side；　and　made　use　of　them　now　for　the　destruction　of　that　wicked　nation　of　the　Jews；　which　was　for　certain　the　true　state　of　this　matter；　as　the　prophet　Daniel　first；　and　our　Savior　himself　afterwards；　had　clearly　foretold。　See　Lit。　Accompl。　of　Proph。　p。　64；　etc。
  （9）　Josephus　had　before　told　us；　B。　V。　ch。　13。　sect。　1；　that　this　fourth　son　of　Matthias　ran　away　to　the　Romans　〃before〃　his　father's　and　brethren's　slaughter；　and　not　〃after〃　it；　as　here。　The　former　account　is；　in　all　probability；　the　truest；　for　had　not　that　fourth　son　escaped　before　the　others　were　caught　and　put　to　death；　he　had　been　caught　and　put　to　death　with　them。　This　last　account；　therefore；　looks　like　an　instance　of　a　small　inadvertence　of　Josephus　in　the　place　before　us。
  （10）　Of　this　partition…wall　separating　Jews　and　Gentiles；　with　its　pillars　and　inscription；　see　the　description　of　the　temples；　ch。　15。
  （11）　That　these　seditious　Jews　were　the　direct　occasions　of　their　own　destruction；　and　of　the　conflagration　of　their　city　and　temple；　and　that　Titus　earnestly　and　constantly　labored　to　save　both；　is　here　and　every　where　most　evident　in　Josephus。
  （12）　Court　of　the　Gentiles。
  （13）　Court　of　Israel。
  （14）　Of　the　court　of　the　Gentiles。
  （15）　What　Josephus　observes　here；　that　no　parallel　examples　had　been　recorded　before　this　time　of　such　sieges；　wherein　mothers　were　forced　by　extremity　of　famine　to　eat　their　own　children；　as　had　been　threatened　to　the　Jews　in　the　law　of　Moses；　upon　obstinate　disobedience；　and　more　than　once　fulfilled；　（see　my　Boyle's　Lectures；　p。　210…214；）　is　by　Dr。　Hudson　supposed　to　have　had　two　or　three　parallel　examples　in　later　ages。　He　might　have　had　more　examples；　I　suppose；　of　persons　on　ship…board；　or　in　a　desert　island；　casting　lots　for　each　others'　bodies；　but　all　this　was　only　in　cases　where　they　knew　of　no　possible　way　to　avoid　death　themselves　but　by　killing　and　eating　others。　Whether　such　examples　come　up　to　the　present　case　may　be　doubted。　The　Romans　were　not　only　willing；　but　very　desirous；　to　grant　those　Jews　in　Jerusalem　both　their　lives　and　their　liberties；　and　to　save　both　their　city　and　their　temple。　But　the　zealots；　the　rubbers；　and　the　seditious　would　hearken　to　no　terms　of　submission。　They　voluntarily　chose　to　reduce　the　citizens　to　that　extremity；　as　to　force　mothers　to　this　unnatural　barbarity；　which；　in　all　its　circumstances；　has　not；　I　still　suppose；　been　hitherto　paralleled　among　the　rest　of　mankind。
  （16）　These　steps　to　the　altar　of　burnt…offering　seem　here　either　an　improper　and　inaccurate　expression　of　Josephus；　since　it　was　unlawful　to　make　ladder　steps；　（see　description　of　the　temples；　ch。　13。；　and　note　on　Antiq。　B。　IV。　ch。　8。　sect。　5；）　or　else　those　steps　or　stairs　we　now　use　were　invented　before　the　days　of　Herod　the　Great；　and　had　been　here　built　by　him；　though　the　later　Jews　always　deny　it；　and　say　that　even　Herod's　altar　was　ascended　to　by　an　acclivity　only。
  （17）　This　Perea；　if　the　word　be　not　mistaken　in　the　copies；　cannot　well　be　that　Perea　which　was　beyond　Jordan；　whose　mountains　were　at　a　considerable　distance　from　Jordan；　and　much　too　remote　from　Jerusalem　to　join　in　th