ther　killed　by　darts；　or　caught　by　the　vessels；　but　if；　in　the　desperate　case　they　were　in；　they　attempted　to　swim　to　their　enemies；　the　Romans　cut　off　either　their　heads　or　their　hands；　and　indeed　they　were　destroyed　after　various　manners　every　where；　till　the　rest　being　put　to　flight；　were　forced　to　get　upon　the　land；　while　the　vessels　encompassed　them　about　＇on　the　sea＇：　but　as　many　of　these　were　repulsed　when　they　were　getting　ashore；　they　were　killed　by　the　darts　upon　the　lake；　and　the　Romans　leaped　out　of　their　vessels；　and　destroyed　a　great　many　more　upon　the　land：　one　might　then　see　the　lake　all　bloody；　and　full　of　dead　bodies；　for　not　one　of　them　escaped。　And　a　terrible　stink；　and　a　very　sad　sight　there　was　on　the　following　days　over　that　country；　for　as　for　the　shores；　they　were　full　of　shipwrecks；　and　of　dead　bodies　all　swelled；　and　as　the　dead　bodies　were　inflamed　by　the　sun；　and　putrefied；　they　corrupted　the　air；　insomuch　that　the　misery　was　not　only　the　object　of　commiseration　to　the　Jews；　but　to　those　that　hated　them；　and　had　been　the　authors　of　that　misery。　This　was　the　upshot　of　the　sea…fight。　The　number　of　the　slain；　including　those　that　were　killed　in　the　city　before；　was　six　thousand　and　five　hundred。
  10。　After　this　fight　was　over；　Vespasian　sat　upon　his　tribunal　at　Taricheae；　in　order　to　distinguish　the　foreigners　from　the　old　inhabitants；　for　those　foreigners　appear　to　have　begun　the　war。　So　he　deliberated　with　the　other　commanders；　whether　he　ought　to　save　those　old　inhabitants　or　not。　And　when　those　commanders　alleged　that　the　dismission　of　them　would　be　to　his　own　disadvantage；　because；　when　they　were　once　set　at　liberty；　they　would　not　be　at　rest；　since　they　would　be　people　destitute　of　proper　habitations；　and　would　he　able　to　compel　such　as　they　fled　to　fight　against　us；　Vespasian　acknowledged　that　they　did　not　deserve　to　be　saved；　and　that　if　they　had　leave　given　them　to　fly　away；　they　would　make　use　of　it　against　those　that　gave　them　that　leave。　But　still　he　considered　with　himself　after　what　manner　they　should　be　slain　（8）　for　if　he　had　them　slain　there；　he　suspected　the　people　of　the　country　would　thereby　become　his　enemies；　for　that　to　be　sure　they　would　never　bear　it；　that　so　many　that　had　been　supplicants　to　him　should　be　killed；　and　to　offer　violence　to　them；　after　he　had　given　them　assurances　of　their　lives；　he　could　not　himself　bear　to　do　it。　However；　his　friends　were　too　hard　for　him；　and　pretended　that　nothing　against　Jews　could　be　any　impiety；　and　that　he　ought　to　prefer　what　was　profitable　before　what　was　fit　to　be　done；　where　both　could　not　be　made　consistent。　So　he　gave　them　an　ambiguous　liberty　to　do　as　they　advised；　and　permitted　the　prisoners　to　go　along　no　other　road　than　that　which　led　to　Tiberias　only。　So　they　readily　believed　what　they　desired　to　be　true；　and　went　along　securely；　with　their　effects；　the　way　which　was　allowed　them；　while　the　Romans　seized　upon　all　the　road　that　led　to　Tiberias；　that　none　of　them　might　go　out　of　it；　and　shut　them　up　in　the　city。　Then　came　Vespasian；　and　ordered　them　all　to　stand　in　the　stadium；　and　commanded　them　to　kill　the　old　men；　together　with　the　others　that　were　useless；　which　were　in　number　a　thousand　and　two　hundred。　Out　of　the　young　men　he　chose　six　thousand　of　the　strongest；　and　sent　them　to　Nero；　to　dig　through　the　Isthmus；　and　sold　the　remainder　for　slaves；　being　thirty　thousand　and　four　hundred；　besides　such　as　he　made　a　present　of　to　Agrippa；　for　as　to　those　that　belonged　to　his　kingdom；　he　gave　him　leave　to　do　what　he　pleased　with　them；　however；　the　king　sold　these　also　for　slaves；　but　for　the　rest　of　the　multitude；　who　were　Trachonites；　and　Gaulanites；　and　of　Hippos；　and　some　of　Gadara；　the　greatest　part　of　them　were　seditious　persons　and　fugitives；　who　were　of　such　shameful　characters；　that　they　preferred　war　before　peace。　These　prisoners　were　taken　on　the　eighth　day　of　the　month　Gorpiaeus　＇Elul＇。
  WAR　BOOK　3　NOTES
  （1）　Take　the　confirmation　of　this　in　the　words　of　Suetonius；　here　produced　by　Dr。　Hudson：　〃In　the　reign　of　Claudius；〃　says　he；　〃Vespasian；　for　the　sake　of　Narcissus；　was　sent　as　a　lieutenant　of　a　legion　into　Germany。　Thence　he　removed　into　Britain　〃　battles　with　the　enemy。〃　In　Vesp。　sect。　4。　We　may　also　here　note　from　Josephus；　that　Claudius　the　emperor；　who　triumphed　for　the　conquest　of　Britain；　was　enabled　so　to　do　by　Vespasian's　conduct　and　bravery；　and　that　he　is　here　styled　〃the　father　of　Vespasian。〃
  （2）　Spanheim　and　Reland　both　agree；　that　the　two　cities　here　esteemed　greater　than　Antioch；　the　metropolis　of　Syria；　were　Rome　and　Alexandria；　nor　is　there　any　occasion　for　doubt　in　so　plain　a　case。
  （3）　This　description　of　the　exact　symmetry　and　regularity　of　the　Roman　army；　and　of　the　Roman　encampments；　with　the　sounding　their　trumpets；　etc。　and　order　of　war；　described　in　this　and　the　next　chapter；　is　so　very　like　to　the　symmetry　and　regularity　of　the　people　of　Israel　in　the　wilderness；　（see　Description　of　the　Temples；　ch。　9。；）　that　one　cannot　well　avoid　the　supposal；　that　the　one　was　the　ultimate　pattern　of　the　other；　and　that　the　tactics　of　the　ancients　were　taken　from　the　rules　given　by　God　to　Moses。　And　it　is　thought　by　some　skillful　in　these　matters；　that　these　accounts　of　Josephus；　as　to　the　Roman　camp　and　armor；　and　conduct　in　war；　are　preferable　to　those　in　the　Roman　authors　themselves。
  （4）　I　cannot　but　here　observe　an　Eastern　way　of　speaking；　frequent　among　them；　but　not　usual　among　us；　where　the　word　〃only〃　or　〃alone〃　is　not　set　down；　but　perhaps　some　way　supplied　in　the　pronunciation。　Thus　Josephus　here　says；　that　those　of　Jotapata　slew　seven　of　the　Romans　as　they　were　marching　off；　because　the　Romans'　retreat　was　regular；　their　bodies　were　covered　over　with　their　armor；　and　the　Jews　fought　at　some　distance；　his　meaning　is　clear；　that　these　were　the　reasons　why　they　slew　only；　or　no　more　than　seven。　I　have　met　with　many　the　like　examples　in　the　Scriptures；　in　Josephus；　etc。；　but　did　not　note　down　the　particular　places。　This　observation　ought　to　be　borne　in　mind　upon　many　occasions。
  （5）　These　public　mourners；　hired　upon　the　supposed　death　of　Josephus；　and　the　real　death　of　many　more；　illustrate　some　passages　in　the　Bible；　which　suppose　the　same　custom；　as　Matthew　11：17；　where　the　reader　may　consult　the　notes　of　Grotius。
  （6）　Of　this　Cesarea　Philippi　（twice　mentioned　in　our　New　Testament；　Matthew　16：13；　Mark　8；27）　there　are　coins　still　extant；　Spanheim　here　informs　us。
  （7）　I　do　not　know　where　to　find　the　law　of　Moses　here　mentioned　by　Josephus；　and　afterwards　by　Eleazar；　13。　VII。　ch。　8。　sect。　7；　and　almost　implied　in　B。　I。　ch。　13。　sect。　10；　by　Josephus's　commendation　of　Phasaelus　for　doing　so；　I　mean；　whereby　Jewish　generals　and　people　were　obliged　to　kill　themselves；　rather　than　go　into　slavery　under　heathens。　I　doubt　this　would　have　been　no　better　than　〃self…murder；〃　and　I　believe　it　was　rather　some　vain　doctrine；　or　interpretation；　of　the　rigid　Pharisees；　or　Essens；　or　Herodiaus；　than　a　just　consequence　from　any　law　of　God　delivered　by　Moses。
  （7）　It　may　be　worth　our　while　to　observe　here；　that　near　this　lake　of　Gennesareth　grapes　and　figs　hang　on　the　trees　ten　months　of　the　year。　We　may　observe　also；　that　in　Cyril　of　Jerusalem；　Cateehes。　18。　sect。　3；　which　was　delivered　not　long　before　Easter；　there　were　no　fresh　leaves　of　fig　trees；　nor　bunches　of　fresh　grapes　in　Judea；　so　that　when　St。　Mark　says；　ch。　11。　ver。　13；　that　our　Savior；　soon　after　the　same　time　of　the　year；　came　and　〃found　leaves〃　on　a　fig　tree　near　Jerusalem；　but　〃no　figs；　because　the　time　of〃　new　〃figs〃　ripening　〃was　not　yet；〃　he　says　very　true；　nor　were　they　therefore　other　than　old　leaves　which　our　Savior　saw；　and　old　figs　which　he　expected；　and　which　even　with　us　commonly　hang　on　the　trees　all　winter　long。
  （8）　This　is　the　most　cruel　and　barbarous　action　that　Vespasian　ever　did　in　this　whole　war；　as　he　did　it　with　great　reluctance　also。　It　was　done　both　after　public　assurance　given　of　sparing　the　prisoners'　lives；　and　when　all　knew　and　confessed　that　these　prisoners　were　no　way　guilty　of　any　sedition　against　the　Romans。　Nor　indeed　did　Titus　now　give　his　consent；　so　far　as　appears；　nor　ever　act　of　himself　so　barbarously；　nay；　soon　after　this；　Titus　grew　quite　weary　of　shedding　blood；　and　of　punishing　the　innocent　with　the　guilty；　and　gave　the　people　of　Gischala　leave　to　keep　the　Jewish　sabbath；　B。　IV。　ch。　2。　sect。　3；　5；　in　the　midst　of　their　siege。　Nor　was　Vespasian　disposed　to　do　what　he　did；　till　his　officers　persuaded　him；　and　that　from　two　principal　topics；　viz。　that　nothing　could　be　unjust　that　was　done　against　Jews；　and　that　when　both　cannot　be　consistent；　advantage　must　prevail　over　justice。　Admirable　court　doctrines　these！
  BOOK　IV。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Containing　The　Interval　Of　About　One　Year。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　From　The　Siege　Of　Gamala　To　The　Coming　　　　　　　　　Of　Titus　To　Besiege　Jerusalem。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CHAPTER　1。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　The　Siege　And　Taking　Of　Gamala。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　1。　Now　all　those　Galileans　who；　after　the　taking　of　Jotapata；　　　had　revolted　from　the　Romans；　did；　upon　the　conquest　of
  Taricheae；　deliv