the　palm　tree　are　chiefly　cultivated　there。　It　is　also　sufficiently　watered　with　torrents；　which　issue　out　of　the　mountains；　and　with　springs　that　never　fail　to　run；　even　when　the　torrents　fail　them；　as　they　do　in　the　dog…days。　Now　the　length　of　Perea　is　from　Macherus　to　Pella；　and　its　breadth　from　Philadelphia　to　Jordan；　its　northern　parts　are　bounded　by　Pella；　as　we　have　already　said；　as　well　as　its　Western　with　Jordan；　the　land　of　Moab　is　its　southern　border；　and　its　eastern　limits　reach　to　Arabia；　and　Silbonitis；　and　besides　to　Philadelphene　and　Gerasa。
  4。　Now　as　to　the　country　of　Samaria；　it　lies　between　Judea　and　Galilee；　it　begins　at　a　village　that　is　in　the　great　plain　called　Ginea；　and　ends　at　the　Acrabbene　toparchy；　and　is　entirely　of　the　same　nature　with　Judea；　for　both　countries　are　made　up　of　hills　and　valleys；　and　are　moist　enough　for　agriculture；　and　are　very　fruitful。　They　have　abundance　of　trees；　and　are　full　of　autumnal　fruit；　both　that　which　grows　wild；　and　that　which　is　the　effect　of　cultivation。　They　are　not　naturally　watered　by　many　rivers；　but　derive　their　chief　moisture　from　rain…water；　of　which　they　have　no　want；　and　for　those　rivers　which　they　have；　all　their　waters　are　exceeding　sweet：　by　reason　also　of　the　excellent　grass　they　have；　their　cattle　yield　more　milk　than　do　those　in　other　places；　and；　what　is　the　greatest　sign　of　excellency　and　of　abundance；　they　each　of　them　are　very　full　of　people。
  5。　In　the　limits　of　Samaria　and　Judea　lies　the　village　Anuath；　which　is　also　named　Borceos。　This　is　the　northern　boundary　of　Judea。　The　southern　parts　of　Judea；　if　they　be　measured　lengthways；　are　bounded　by　a　Village　adjoining　to　the　confines　of　Arabia；　the　Jews　that　dwell　there　call　it　Jordan。　However；　its　breadth　is　extended　from　the　river　Jordan　to　Joppa。　The　city　Jerusalem　is　situated　in　the　very　middle；　on　which　account　some　have；　with　sagacity　enough；　called　that　city　the　Navel　of　the　country。　Nor　indeed　is　Judea　destitute　of　such　delights　as　come　from　the　sea；　since　its　maritime　places　extend　as　far　as　Ptolemais：　it　was　parted　into　eleven　portions；　of　which　the　royal　city　Jerusalem　was　the　supreme；　and　presided　over　all　the　neighboring　country；　as　the　head　does　over　the　body。　As　to　the　other　cities　that　were　inferior　to　it；　they　presided　over　their　several　toparchies；　Gophna　was　the　second　of　those　cities；　and　next　to　that　Acrabatta；　after　them　Thamna；　and　Lydda；　and　Emmaus；　and　Pella；　and　Idumea；　and　Engaddi；　and　Herodium；　and　Jericho；　and　after　them　came　Jamnia　and　Joppa；　as　presiding　over　the　neighboring　people；　and　besides　these　there　was　the　region　of　Gamala；　and　Gaulonitis；　and　Batanea；　and　Trachonitis；　which　are　also　parts　of　the　kingdom　of　Agrippa。　This　＇last＇　country　begins　at　Mount　Libanus；　and　the　fountains　of　Jordan；　and　reaches　breadthways　to　the　lake　of　Tiberias；　and　in　length　is　extended　from　a　village　called　Arpha；　as　far　as　Julias。　Its　inhabitants　are　a　mixture　of　Jews　and　Syrians。　And　thus　have　I；　with　all　possible　brevity；　described　the　country　of　Judea；　and　those　that　lie　round　about　it。
  CHAPTER　4。
  Josephus　Makes　An　Attempt　Upon　Sepphoris　But　Is　Repelled。　Titus　Comes　With　A　Great　Army　To　Ptolemais。
  1。　Now　the　auxiliaries　which　were　sent　to　assist　the　people　of　Sepphoris；　being　a　thousand　horsemen；　and　six　thousand　footmen；　under　Placidus　the　tribune；　pitched　their　camp　in　two　bodies　in　the　great　plain。　The　foot　were　put　into　the　city　to　be　a　guard　to　it；　but　the　horse　lodged　abroad　in　the　camp。　These　last；　by　marching　continually　one　way　or　other；　and　overrunning　the　parts　of　the　adjoining　country；　were　very　troublesome　to　Josephus　and　his　men；　they　also　plundered　all　the　places　that　were　out　of　the　city's　liberty；　and　intercepted　such　as　durst　go　abroad。　On　this　account　it　was　that　Josephus　marched　against　the　city；　as　hoping　to　take　what　he　had　lately　encompassed　with　so　strong　a　wall；　before　they　revolted　from　the　rest　of　the　Galileans；　that　the　Romans　would　have　much　ado　to　take　it；　by　which　means　he　proved　too　weak；　and　failed　of　his　hopes；　both　as　to　the　forcing　the　place；　and　as　to　his　prevailing　with　the　people　of　Sepphoris　to　deliver　it　up　to　him。　By　this　means　he　provoked　the　Romans　to　treat　the　country　according　to　the　law　of　war；　nor　did　the　Romans；　out　of　the　anger　they　bore　at　this　attempt；　leave　off；　either　by　night　or　by　day；　burning　the　places　in　the　plain；　and　stealing　away　the　cattle　that　were　in　the　country；　and　killing　whatsoever　appeared　capable　of　fighting　perpetually；　and　leading　the　weaker　people　as　slaves　into　captivity；　so　that　Galilee　was　all　over　filled　with　fire　and　blood；　nor　was　it　exempted　from　any　kind　of　misery　or　calamity；　for　the　only　refuge　they　had　was　this；　that　when　they　were　pursued；　they　could　retire　to　the　cities　which　had　walls　built　them　by　Josephus。
  2。　But　as　to　Titus；　he　sailed　over　from　Achaia　to　Alexandria；　and　that　sooner　than　the　winter　season　did　usually　permit；　so　he　took　with　him　those　forces　he　was　sent　for；　and　marching　with　great　expedition；　he　came　suddenly　to　Ptolemais；　and　there　finding　his　father；　together　with　the　two　legions；　the　fifth　and　the　tenth；　which　were　the　most　eminent　legions　of　all；　he　joined　them　to　that　fifteenth　legion　which　was　with　his　father；　eighteen　cohorts　followed　these　legions；　there　came　also　five　cohorts　from　Cesarea；　with　one　troop　of　horsemen；　and　five　other　troops　of　horsemen　from　Syria。　Now　these　ten　cohorts　had　severally　a　thousand　footmen；　but　the　other　thirteen　cohorts　had　no　more　than　six　hundred　footmen　apiece；　with　a　hundred　and　twenty　horsemen。　There　were　also　a　considerable　number　of　auxiliaries　got　together；　that　came　from　the　kings　Antiochus；　and　Agrippa；　and　Sohemus；　each　of　them　contributing　one　thousand　footmen　that　were　archers；　and　a　thousand　horsemen。　Malchus　also；　the　king　of　Arabia；　sent　a　thousand　horsemen；　besides　five　thousand　footmen；　the　greatest　part　of　which　were　archers；　so　that　the　whole　army；　including　the　auxiliaries　sent　by　the　kings；　as　well　horsemen　as　footmen；　when　all　were　united　together；　amounted　to　sixty　thousand；　besides　the　servants；　who；　as　they　followed　in　vast　numbers；　so　because　they　had　been　trained　up　in　war　with　the　rest；　ought　not　to　be　distinguished　from　the　fighting　men；　for　as　they　were　in　their　masters'　service　in　times　of　peace；　so　did　they　undergo　the　like　dangers　with　them　in　times　of　war；　insomuch　that　they　were　inferior　to　none；　either　in　skill　or　in　strength；　only　they　were　subject　to　their　masters。
  CHAPTER　5。
  A　Description　Of　The　Roman　Armies　And　Roman　Camps　And　Of　Other　Particulars　For　Which　The　Romans　Are　Commended。
  1。　Now　here　one　cannot　but　admire　at　the　precaution　of　the　Romans；　in　providing　themselves　of　such　household　servants；　as　might　not　only　serve　at　other　times　for　the　common　offices　of　life；　but　might　also　be　of　advantage　to　them　in　their　wars。　And；　indeed；　if　any　one　does　but　attend　to　the　other　parts　of　their　military　discipline；　he　will　be　forced　to　confess　that　their　obtaining　so　large　a　dominion　hath　been　the　acquisition　of　their　valor；　and　not　the　bare　gift　of　fortune；　for　they　do　not　begin　to　use　their　weapons　first　in　time　of　war；　nor　do　they　then　put　their　hands　first　into　motion；　while　they　avoided　so　to　do　in　times　of　peace；　but；　as　if　their　weapons　did　always　cling　to　them；　they　have　never　any　truce　from　warlike　exercises；　nor　do　they　stay　till　times　of　war　admonish　them　to　use　them；　for　their　military　exercises　differ　not　at　all　from　the　real　use　of　their　arms；　but　every　soldier　is　every　day　exercised；　and　that　with　great　diligence；　as　if　it　were　in　time　of　war；　which　is　the　reason　why　they　bear　the　fatigue　of　battles　so　easily；　for　neither　can　any　disorder　remove　them　from　their　usual　regularity；　nor　can　fear　affright　them　out　of　it；　nor　can　labor　tire　them；　which　firmness　of　conduct　makes　them　always　to　overcome　those　that　have　not　the　same　firmness；　nor　would　he　be　mistaken　that　should　call　those　their　exercises　unbloody　battles；　and　their　battles　bloody　exercises。　Nor　can　their　enemies　easily　surprise　them　with　the　suddenness　of　their　incursions；　for　as　soon　as　they　have　marched　into　an　enemy's　land；　they　do　not　begin　to　fight　till　they　have　walled　their　camp　about；　nor　is　the　fence　they　raise　rashly　made；　or　uneven；　nor　do　they　all　abide　ill　it；　nor　do　those　that　are　in　it　take　their　places　at　random；　but　if　it　happens　that　the　ground　is　uneven；　it　is　first　leveled：　their　camp　is　also　four…square　by　measure；　and　carpenters　are　ready；　in　great　numbers；　with　their　tools；　to　erect　their　buildings　for　them。　（3）
  2。　As　for　what　is　within　the　camp；　it　is　set　apart　for　tents；　but　the　outward　circumference　hath　the　resemblance　to　a　wall；　and　is　adorned　with　towers　at　equal　distances；　where　between　the　towers　stand　the　engines　for　throwing　arrows　and　darts；　and　for　slinging　stones；　and　where　they　lay　all　other　engines　that　can　annoy　the　enemy；　all　ready　for　their　several　operations。　They　also　erect　four　gates；　one　at　every　side　of　the　circumference；　and　those　large　enough　for　the　entrance　of　the　beasts；　and　wide　enough　for　making　excursions；　if　occasion　should　require。　They　divide　the　camp　within　into　streets；　very　conveniently；　and　place　the　tents　of　the　commanders　in　the　middle；　but　in　the　ve