of　Galilee；　which　was　called　the　City　of　Men；　and　divides　the　country　of　Ptolemais　from　our　nation；　this　he　found　deserted　by　its　men；　the　multitude　having　fled　to　the　mountains；　but　full　of　all　sorts　of　good　things；　those　he　gave　leave　to　the　soldiers　to　plunder；　and　set　fire　to　the　city；　although　it　was　of　admirable　beauty；　and　had　its　houses　built　like　those　in　Tyre；　and　Sidon；　and　Berytus。　After　this　he　overran　all　the　country；　and　seized　upon　whatsoever　came　in　his　way；　and　set　fire　to　the　villages　that　were　round　about　them；　and　then　returned　to　Ptolemais。　But　when　the　Syrians；　and　especially　those　of　Berytus；　were　busy　in　plundering；　the　Jews　pulled　up　their　courage　again；　for　they　knew　that　Cestius　was　retired；　and　fell　upon　those　that　were　left　behind　unexpectedly；　and　destroyed　about　two　thousand　of　them。　（27）
  10。　And　now　Cestius　himself　marched　from　Ptolemais；　and　came　to　Cesarea；　but　he　sent　part　of　his　army　before　him　to　Joppa；　and　gave　order；　that　if　they　could　take　that　city　＇by　surprise＇　they　should　keep　it；　but　that　in　case　the　citizens　should　perceive　they　were　coming　to　attack　them；　that　they　then　should　stay　for　him；　and　for　the　rest　of　the　army。　So　some　of　them　made　a　brisk　march　by　the　sea…side；　and　some　by　land；　and　so　coming　upon　them　on　both　sides；　they　took　the　city　with　ease；　and　as　the　inhabitants　had　made　no　provision　beforehand　for　a　flight；　nor　had　gotten　any　thing　ready　for　fighting；　the　soldiers　fell　upon　them；　and　slew　them　all；　with　their　families；　and　then　plundered　and　burnt　the　city。　The　number　of　the　slain　was　eight　thousand　four　hundred。　In　like　manner；　Cestius　sent　also　a　considerable　body　of　horsemen　to　the　toparchy　of　Narbatene；　that　adjoined　to　Cesarea；　who　destroyed　the　country；　and　slew　a　great　multitude　of　its　people；　they　also　plundered　what　they　had；　and　burnt　their　villages。
  11。　But　Cestius　sent　Gallus；　the　commander　of　the　twelfth　legion；　into　Galilee；　and　delivered　to　him　as　many　of　his　forces　as　he　supposed　sufficient　to　subdue　that　nation。　He　was　received　by　the　strongest　city　of　Galilee；　which　was　Sepphoris；　with　acclamations　of　joy；　which　wise　conduct　of　that　city　occasioned　the　rest　of　the　cities　to　be　in　quiet；　while　the　seditious　part　and　the　robbers　ran　away　to　that　mountain　which　lies　in　the　very　middle　of　Galilee；　and　is　situated　over　against　Sepphoris；　it　is　called　Asamon。　So　Gallus　brought　his　forces　against　them；　but　while　those　men　were　in　the　superior　parts　above　the　Romans；　they　easily　threw　their　darts　upon　the　Romans；　as　they　made　their　approaches；　and　slew　about　two　hundred　of　them。　But　when　the　Romans　had　gone　round　the　mountains；　and　were　gotten　into　the　parts　above　their　enemies；　the　others　were　soon　beaten；　nor　could　they　who　had　only　light　armor　on　sustain　the　force　of　them　that　fought　them　armed　all　over；　nor　when　they　were　beaten　could　they　escape　the　enemies'　horsemen；　insomuch　that　only　some　few　concealed　themselves　in　certain　places　hard　to　be　come　at；　among　the　mountains；　while　the　rest；　above　two　thousand　in　number；　were　slain。
  CHAPTER　19。
  What　Cestius　Did　Against　The　Jews；　And　How；　Upon　His　Besieging　Jerusalem；　He　Retreated　From　The　City　Without　Any　Just　Occasion　In　The　World。　As　Also　What　Severe　Calamities　He　Under　Went　From　The　Jews　In　His　Retreat。
  1。　And　now　Gallus；　seeing　nothing　more　that　looked　towards　an　innovation　in　Galilee；　returned　with　his　army　to　Cesarea：　but　Cestius　removed　with　his　whole　army；　and　marched　to　Antipatris；　and　when　he　was　informed　that　there　was　a　great　body　of　Jewish　forces　gotten　together　in　a　certain　tower　called　Aphek；　he　sent　a　party　before　to　fight　them；　but　this　party　dispersed　the　Jews　by　affrighting　them　before　it　came　to　a　battle：　so　they　came；　and　finding　their　camp　deserted；　they　burnt　it；　as　well　as　the　villages　that　lay　about　it。　But　when　Cestius　had　marched　from　Antipatris　to　Lydda；　he　found　the　city　empty　of　its　men；　for　the　whole　multitude　（28）　were　gone　up　to　Jerusalem　to　the　feast　of　tabernacles；　yet　did　he　destroy　fifty　of　those　that　showed　themselves；　and　burnt　the　city；　and　so　marched　forwards；　and　ascending　by　Betboron；　he　pitched　his　camp　at　a　certain　place　called　Gabao；　fifty　furlongs　distant　from　Jerusalem。
  2。　But　as　for　the　Jews；　when　they　saw　the　war　approaching　to　their　metropolis；　they　left　the　feast；　and　betook　themselves　to　their　arms；　and　taking　courage　greatly　from　their　multitude；　went　in　a　sudden　and　disorderly　manner　to　the　fight；　with　a　great　noise；　and　without　any　consideration　had　of　the　rest　of　the　seventh　day；　although　the　Sabbath　（29）　was　the　day　to　which　they　had　the　greatest　regard；　but　that　rage　which　made　them　forget　the　religious　observation　＇of　the　sabbath＇　made　them　too　hard　for　their　enemies　in　the　fight：　with　such　violence　therefore　did　they　fall　upon　the　Romans；　as　to　break　into　their　ranks；　and　to　march　through　the　midst　of　them；　making　a　great　slaughter　as　they　went；　insomuch　that　unless　the　horsemen；　and　such　part　of　the　footmen　as　were　not　yet　tired　in　the　action；　had　wheeled　round；　and　succored　that　part　of　the　army　which　was　not　yet　broken；　Cestius；　with　his　whole　army；　had　been　in　danger：　however；　five　hundred　and　fifteen　of　the　Romans　were　slain；　of　which　number　four　hundred　were　footmen；　and　the　rest　horsemen；　while　the　Jews　lost　only　twenty…two；　of　whom　the　most　valiant　were　the　kinsmen　of　Monobazus；　king　of　Adiabene；　and　their　names　were　Monobazus　and　Kenedeus；　and　next　to　them　were　Niger　of　Perea；　and　Silas　of　Babylon；　who　had　deserted　from　king　Agrippa　to　the　Jews；　for　he　had　formerly　served　in　his　army。　When　the　front　of　the　Jewish　army　had　been　cut　off；　the　Jews　retired　into　the　city；　but　still　Simon；　the　son　of　Giora；　fell　upon　the　backs　of　the　Romans；　as　they　were　ascending　up　Bethoron；　and　put　the　hindmost　of　the　army　into　disorder；　and　carried　off　many　of　the　beasts　that　carded　the　weapons　of　war；　and　led　Shem　into　the　city。　But　as　Cestius　tarried　there　three　days；　the　Jews　seized　upon　the　elevated　parts　of　the　city；　and　set　watches　at　the　entrances　into　the　city；　and　appeared　openly　resolved　not　to　rest　when　once　the　Romans　should　begin　to　march。
  3。　And　now　when　Agrippa　observed　that　even　the　affairs　of　the　Romans　were　likely　to　be　in　danger；　while　such　an　immense　multitude　of　their　enemies　had　seized　upon　the　mountains　round　about；　he　determined　to　try　what　the　Jews　would　agree　to　by　words；　as　thinking　that　he　should　either　persuade　them　all　to　desist　from　fighting；　or；　however；　that　he　should　cause　the　sober　part　of　them　to　separate　themselves　from　the　opposite　party。　So　he　sent　Borceus　and　Phebus；　the　persons　of　his　party　that　were　the　best　known　to　them；　and　promised　them　that　Cestius　should　give　them　his　right　hand；　to　secure　them　of　the　Romans'　entire　forgiveness　of　what　they　had　done　amiss；　if　they　would　throw　away　their　arms；　and　come　over　to　them；　but　the　seditious；　fearing　lest　the　whole　multitude；　in　hopes　of　security　to　themselves；　should　go　over　to　Agrippa；　resolved　immediately　to　fall　upon　and　kill　the　ambassadors；　accordingly　they　slew　Phebus　before　he　said　a　word；　but　Borceus　was　only　wounded；　and　so　prevented　his　fate　by　flying　away。　And　when　the　people　were　very　angry　at　this；　they　had　the　seditious　beaten　with　stones　and　clubs；　and　drove　them　before　them　into　the　city。
  4。　But　now　Cestius；　observing　that　the　disturbances　that　were　begun　among　the　Jews　afforded　him　a　proper　opportunity　to　attack　them；　took　his　whole　army　along　with　him；　and　put　the　Jews　to　flight；　and　pursued　them　to　Jerusalem。　He　then　pitched　his　camp　upon　the　elevation　called　Scopus；　＇or　watch…tower；＇　which　was　distant　seven　furlongs　from　the　city；　yet　did　not　he　assault　them　in　three　days'　time；　out　of　expectation　that　those　within　might　perhaps　yield　a　little；　and　in　the　mean　time　he　sent　out　a　great　many　of　his　soldiers　into　neighboring　villages；　to　seize　upon　their　corn。　And　on　the　fourth　day；　which　was　the　thirtieth　of　the　month　Hyperbereteus；　＇Tisri；＇　when　he　had　put　his　army　in　array；　he　brought　it　into　the　city。　Now　for　the　people；　they　were　kept　under　by　the　seditious；　but　the　seditious　themselves　were　greatly　affrighted　at　the　good　order　of　the　Romans；　and　retired　from　the　suburbs；　and　retreated　into　the　inner　part　of　the　city；　and　into　the　temple。　But　when　Cestius　was　come　into　the　city；　he　set　the　part　called　Bezetha；　which　is　called　Cenopolis；　＇or　the　new　city；＇　on　fire；　as　he　did　also　to　the　timber　market；　after　which　he　came　into　the　upper　city；　and　pitched　his　camp　over　against　the　royal　palace；　and　had　he　but　at　this　very　time　attempted　to　get　within　the　walls　by　force；　he　had　won　the　city　presently；　and　the　war　had　been　put　an　end　to　at　once；　but　Tyrannius　Priseus；　the　muster…master　of　the　army；　and　a　great　number　of　the　officers　of　the　horse；　had　been　corrupted　by　Florus；　and　diverted　him　from　that　his　attempt；　and　that　was　the　occasion　that　this　war　lasted　so　very　long；　and　thereby　the　Jews　were　involved　in　such　incurable　calamities。
  5。　In　the　mean　time；　many　of　the　principal　men　of　the　city　were　persuaded　by　Ananus；　the　son　of　Jonathan；　and　invited　Cestius　into　the　city；　and　were　about　to　open　the　gates　for　him；　but　he　overlooked　this　offer；　partly　out　of　his　anger　at　the　Jews；　and　partly　because　he　did　not　thoroughly　belie