the　men　forming　the　phalanx　with　their　spears；　then　the　archers
  for　whose　services　a　great　price　is　paid；　and　who　are　accus…
  tomed　to　fight　in　lines　crossing　one　another　as　the　threads　of
  cloth；　some　rushing　forward　in　their　turn　and　others　receding。
  They　have　a　band　of　lancers　strengthening　the　line　of　battle；
  but　they　make　trial　of　the　swords　only　at　the　end。
  After　the　battle　they　celebrate　the　military　triumphs　after　the
  manner　of　the　Romans；　and　even　in　a　more　magnificent　way。
  Prayers　by　the　way　of　thank…offerings　are　made　to　God；　and
  then　the　general　presents　himself　in　the　temple；　and　the　deeds；
  good　and　bad；　are　related　by　the　poet　or　historian；　who　accord…
  ing　to　custom　was　with　the　expedition。　　And　the　greatest　chief；
  Hoh；　crowns　the　general　with　laurel　and　distributes　little　gifts
  and　honors　to　all　the　valorous　soldiers；　who　are　for　some　days
  free　from　public　duties。　　But　this　exemption　from　work　is　by
  no　means　pleasing　to　them；　since　they　know　not　what　it　is　to　be
  at　leisure；　and　so　they　help　their　companions。　　On　the　other
  hand；　they　who　have　been　conquered　through　their　own　fault；
  or　have　lost　the　victory；　are　blamed；　and　they　who　were　the　first
  to　take　to　flight　are　in　no　way　worthy　to　escape　death；　unless
  when　the　whole　army　asks　their　lives；　and　each　one　takes　upon
  himself　a　part　of　their　punishment。　　But　this　indulgence　is
  rarely　granted；　except　when　there　are　good　reasons　favoring　it。
  But　he　who　did　not　bear　help　to　an　ally　or　friend　is　beaten　with
  rods。　　That　one　who　did　not　obey　orders　is　given　to　the　beasts；
  in　an　enclosure；　to　be　devoured；　and　a　staff　is　put　in　his　hand；
  and　if　he　should　conquer　the　lions　and　the　bears　that　are　there；
  which　is　almost　impossible；　he　is　received　into　favor　again。
  The　conquered　States　or　those　willingly　delivered　up　to　them；
  forthwith　have　all　things　in　common；　and　receive　a　garrison
  and　magistrates　from　the　City　of　the　Sun；　and　by　degrees　they
  are　accustomed　to　the　ways　of　the　city；　the　mistress　of　all；　to
  which　they　even　send　their　sons　to　be　taught　without　contribut…
  ing　anything　for　expense。
  It　would　be　too　great　trouble　to　tell　you　about　the　spies　and
  their　master；　and　about　the　guards　and　laws　and　ceremonies；
  both　within　and　without　the　State；　which　you　can　of　yourself
  imagine。　　Since　from　childhood　they　are　chosen　according　to
  their　inclination　and　the　star　under　which　they　were　born；
  therefore　each　one　working　according　to　his　natural　propensity
  does　his　duty　well　and　pleasantly；　because　naturally。　　The　same
  things　I　may　say　concerning　strategy　and　the　other　functions。
  There　are　guards　in　the　city　by　day　and　by　night；　and　they
  are　placed　at　the　four　gates；　and　outside　the　walls　of　the　seventh
  ring；　above　the　breastworks　and　towers　and　inside　mounds。
  These　places　are　guarded　in　the　day　by　women；　in　the　night　by
  men。　　And　lest　the　guard　should　become　weary　of　watching；
  and　in　case　of　a　surprise；　they　change　them　every　three　hours；
  as　is　the　custom　with　our　soldiers。　　At　sunset；　when　the　drum
  and　symphonia　sound；　the　armed　guards　are　distributed。　　Cav…
  alry　and　infantry　make　use　of　hunting　as　the　symbol　of　war
  and　practise　games　and　hold　festivities　in　the　plains。　　Then
  the　music　strikes　up；　and　freely　they　pardon　the　offences　and
  faults　of　the　enemy；　and　after　the　victories　they　are　kind　to
  them；　if　it　has　been　decreed　that　they　should　destroy　the　walls
  of　the　enemy's　city　and　take　their　lives。　　All　these　things　are
  done　on　the　same　day　as　the　victory；　and　afterward　they　never
  cease　to　load　the　conquered　with　favors；　for　they　say　that　there
  ought　to　be　no　fighting；　except　when　the　conquerors　give　up　the
  conquered；　not　when　they　kill　them。　　If　there　is　a　dispute
  among　them　concerning　injury　or　any　other　matter　（for　they
  themselves　scarcely　ever　contend　except　in　matters　of　honor）；
  the　chief　and　his　magistrates　chastise　the　accused　one　secretly；
  if　he　has　done　harm　in　deeds　after　he　has　been　first　angry。　　If
  they　wait　until　the　time　of　the　battle　for　the　verbal　decision；
  they　must　give　vent　to　their　anger　against　the　enemy；　and　he
  who　in　battle　shows　the　most　daring　deeds　is　considered　to　have
  defended　the　better　and　truer　cause　in　the　struggle；　and　the
  other　yields；　and　they　are　punished　justly。　　Nevertheless；　they
  are　not　allowed　to　come　to　single　combat；　since　right　is　main…
  tained　by　the　tribunal；　and　because　the　unjust　cause　is　often
  apparent　when　the　more　just　succumbs；　and　he　who　professes
  to　be　the　better　man　shows　this　in　public　fight。
  G。M。　　This　is　worth　while；　so　that　factions　should　not　be
  cherished　for　the　harm　of　the　fatherland；　and　so　that　civil　wars
  might　not　occur；　for　by　means　of　these　a　tyrant　often　arises；　as
  the　examples　of　Rome　and　Athens　show。　　Now；　I　pray　you；
  tell　me　of　their　works　and　matter　connected　therewith。
  Capt。　　I　believe　that　you　have　already　heard　about　their
  military　affairs　and　about　their　agricultural　and　pastoral　life；
  and　in　what　way　these　are　common　to　them；　and　how　they
  honor　with　the　first　grade　of　nobility　whoever　is　considered　to
  have　knowledge　of　these。　　They　who　are　skilful　in　more　arts
  than　these　they　consider　still　nobler；　and　they　set　that　one　apart
  for　teaching　the　art　in　which　he　is　most　skilful。　　The　occupa…
  tions　which　require　the　most　labor；　such　as　working　in　metals
  and　building；　are　the　most　praiseworthy　among　them。　　No
  one　declines　to　go　to　these　occupations；　for　the　reason　that　from
  the　beginning　their　propensities　are　well　known；　and　among
  them；　on　account　of　the　distribution　of　labor；　no　one　does　work
  harmful　to　him；　but　only　that　which　is　necessary　for　him。　　The
  occupations　entailing　less　labor　belong　to　the　women。　　All　of
  them　are　expected　to　know　how　to　swim；　and　for　this　reason
  ponds　are　dug　outside　the　walls　of　the　city　and　within　them
  near　to　the　fountains。
  Commerce　is　of　little　use　to　them；　but　they　know　the　value　of
  money；　and　they　count　for　the　use　of　their　ambassadors　and　ex…
  plorers；　so　that　with　it　they　may　have　the　means　of　living。
  They　receive　merchants　into　their　States　from　the　different
  countries　of　the　world；　and　these　buy　the　superfluous　goods　of
  the　city。　　The　people　of　the　City　of　the　Sun　refuse　to　take
  money；　but　in　importing　they　accept　in　exchange　those　things
  of　which　they　are　in　need；　and　sometimes　they　buy　with　money；
  and　the　young　people　in　the　City　of　the　Sun　are　much　amused
  when　they　see　that　for　a　small　price　they　receive　so　many　things
  in　exchange。　　The　old　men；　however；　do　not　laugh。　　They　are
  unwilling　that　the　State　should　be　corrupted　by　the　vicious　cus…
  toms　of　slaves　and　foreigners。　　Therefore　they　do　business　at
  the　gates；　and　sell　those　whom　they　have　taken　in　war　or　keep
  them　for　digging　ditches　and　other　hard　work　without　the　city；
  and　for　this　reason　they　always　send　four　bands　of　soldiers　to
  take　care　of　the　fields；　and　with　them　there　are　the　laborers。
  They　go　out　of　the　four　gates　from　which　roads　with　walls　on
  both　sides　of　them　lead　to　the　sea；　so　that　goods　might　easily
  be　carried　over　them　and　foreigners　might　not　meet　with　diffi…
  culty　on　their　way。
  To　strangers　they　are　kind　and　polite；　they　keep　them　for
  three　days　at　the　public　expense；　after　they　have　first　washed
  their　feet；　they　show　them　their　city　and　its　customs；　and　they
  honor　them　with　a　seat　at　the　Council　and　public　table；　and
  there　are　men　whose　duty　it　is　to　take　care　of　and　guard　the
  guests。　　But　if　strangers　should　wish　to　become　citizens　of
  their　State；　they　try　them　first　for　a　month　on　a　farm；　and　for
  another　month　in　the　city；　then　they　decide　concerning　them；
  and　admit　them　with　certain　ceremonies　and　oaths。
  Agriculture　is　much　followed　among　them；　there　is　not　a
  span　of　earth　without　cultivation；　and　they　observe　the　winds
  and　propitious　stars。　　With　the　exception　of　a　few　left　in　the
  city　all　go　out　armed；　and　with　flags　and　drums　and　trumpets
  sounding；　to　the　fields；　for　the　purposes　of　ploughing；　sowing；
  digging；　hoeing；　reaping；　gathering　fruit　and　grapes；　and　they
  set　in　order　everything；　and　do　their　work　in　a　very　few　hours
  and　with　much　care。　　They　use　wagons　fitted　with　sails　which
  are　borne　along　by　the　wind　even　when　it　is　contrary；　by　the
  marvellous　contrivance　of　wheels　within　wheels。
  And　when　there　is　no　wind　a　beast　draws　along　a　huge　cart；
  which　is　a　grand　sight。
  The　guardians　of　the　land　move　about　in　the　meantime；
  armed　and　always　in　their　proper　turn。　　They　do　not　use　dung
  and　filth　for　manuring　the　fields；　thinking　that　the　fruit　con…
  tracts　something　of　their　rottenness；　and　when　eaten　gives　a
  short　and　poor　subsistence；　as　women　who　are　beautiful　with
  rouge　and　from　want　of　exercise　bring　forth　feeble　offspring。
  Wherefore　they　do　not　as　it　were　paint　the　earth；　but　dig　it　up
  well　and　use　secret　remedies；　so　that　fruit　is　borne　quickly　and
  multiplies；　and　is　not　destroyed。　　They　have　a　book　for　this
  work；　which　they　call　the　Georgics。　　As　much　of　the　land　as　is
  necessary　is　cultivated；　and　the　rest　is　used　for　the　pasturage　of
  cattle。
  The　excellent　occupation　of　breeding　and　rearing　horses；
  oxen；　sheep；　dogs；　and　all　kinds　of　domestic　and　tame　animals
  is　in　the　highest　esteem　amo