第 5 节
作者:卖吻      更新:2024-04-09 19:51      字数:9320
  the mind of some one: what guarantee is there that; along with the increase
  in the supply of labourers; there will be a corrsponding demand for their
  services on the part of contractors?'22' It may be reassuring to note; first
  of    all;  that   many     of  those    who     have    already    embarked       on   mining
  operations'23' will be anxious to increase their staff of labourers by hiring
  some      of  these   public    slaves    (remember;      they   have    a  large   capital    at
  stake;'24'      and   again;   many     of   the  actual    labourers    now     engaged     are
  growing       old);   and    secondly;     there   are   many     others;    Athenians      and
  foreigners alike; who; though unwilling and indeed incapable of working
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  physically in the mines; will be glad enough to earn a livelihood by their
  wits as superintendents。'25'
  '22'   Or;   〃with   this   influx   (multiplying)   of   labourers   there   will   be   a
  corresponding        increase    in  the   demand      for  labour    on   the   part   of  the
  lessees。〃
  '23' Or; 〃got their mining establishments started。〃
  '24' Or; 〃of course they will; considering the amount of fixed capital
  at stake;〃 or; 〃since they have large resources at their back。〃 I                        have
  adopted Zurborg's stopping of this sentence。
  '25' See 〃Mem。〃 II。 viii。 1; for an illustrative case。
  Let   it   be   granted;   however;   that   at   first   a   nucleus   of   twelve   hundred
  slaves   is   formed。   It   is   hardly   too   sanguine   a   supposition   that   out   of   the
  profits alone;'26' within five or six years this number may be increased to
  at least six thousand。 Again; out of that number of six thousandsupposing
  each   slave   to   being   in   an   obol   a   day   clear   of   all   expenseswe   get   a
  revenue of sixty talents   a year。 And supposing  twenty talents out of  this
  sum laid out on the purchase of more slaves; there will be forty talents left
  for the state to apply to any other purpose it may find advisable。 By the
  time the round number'27' of ten thousand is reached the yearly income
  will amount to a hundred talents。
  '26' 〃Out of the income so derived。〃
  '27' Or; 〃full complement。〃
  As a matter of fact; the state will receive much more than these figures
  represent;'28'   as   any  one   here   will   bear   me   witness   who   can   remember
  what     the  dues'29'   derived      from   slaves    realised    before   the   troubles    at
  Decelea。'30' Testimony to the same effect is borne by the fact; that in spite
  of   the   countless   number   of   human   beings   employed   in   the   silver   mines
  within     the    whole     period;'31'     the   mines     present     exactly    the   same
  appearance to…day as they did within the recollection of our forefathers。'32'
  And once more everything that is taking place to…day tends to prove that;
  whatever the number of slaves employed; you will never have more than
  the works can easily absorb。 The miners find no limit of depth in sinking
  shafts or laterally in piercing galleries。 To open cuttings in new directions
  to…day is just as possible as it was in former times。 In fact no one can take
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  on himself to say whether there is more ore in the regions already cut into;
  or   in   those   where   the   pick   has   not   yet   struck。'33'   Well   then;   it   may   be
  asked; why is it that there is not the same rush to make new cuttings now
  as in former times? The answer is; because the people concerned with the
  mines are poorer nowadays。 The attempt to restart operations; renew plant;
  etc。; is of recent date; and any one who ventures to open up a new area
  runs   a   considerable   risk。   Supposing   he   hits   upon   a   productive   field;   he
  becomes a rich man; but supposing he draws a blank; he loses the whole of
  his outlay; and that is a danger which people of the present time are shy of
  facing。
  '28'   Or;   〃a   very   much   larger   sum   than   we   have   calculated   on。〃   Lit。
  〃many times over that sum。〃
  '29' Or; 〃tax。〃 See below;  S。 49; for the   whole matter see Thuc。  vii。
  27; vi。 91; Xen。 〃Mem。〃 III。 vi。 12; in reference to B。C。 413;                           when
  Decelea had been fortified。 As to the wholesale desertion of                           slaves;
  〃more      than   twenty    thousand      slaves   had   deserted;     many    of         them
  artisans;〃 according to Thucydides。
  '30' Or; 〃the days of Decelea。〃 Lit。 〃the incidents of Decelea。〃
  '31' I。e。 〃of their working since mining began。〃
  '32'    Lit。   〃are   just  the   same    to…day    as  our   forefathers     recollected
  them to be in their time。〃
  '33' Or; 〃whether the tracts already explored or those not yet opened
  are the more prolific。〃
  It   is   a   difficulty;   but   it   is   one   on   which;   I   believe;   I   can   offer   some
  practical   advice。   I   have   a   plan   to   suggest   which   will   reduce   the   risk   of
  opening up new cuttings to a minimum。'34'
  '34' Or; 〃I have a plan to make the opening of new cuttings as safe as
  possible。〃
  The citizens of Athens are divided; as we all know; into ten tribes。 Let
  the state then assign to each of these ten tribes an equal number of slaves;
  and let the tribes agree to associate their fortunes and proceed to open new
  cuttings。   What   will   happen?   Any   single   tribe   hitting   upon   a   productive
  lode   will   be   the   means   of   discovering   what   is   advantageous   to   all。   Or;
  supposing   two   or   three;   or   possibly   the   half   of   them;   hit   upon   a   lode;
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  clearly these several operations will proportionally be more remunerative
  still。 That the whole ten will fail is not at all in accordance with what we
  should   expect   from   the   history   of   the   past。   It   is   possible;   of   course;   for
  private persons to combine in the same way;'35' and share their fortunes
  and minimise their risks。 Nor need you apprehend; sirs; that a state mining
  company; established on this principle; will prove a thorn in the side'36'
  of the private owner; or the private owner prove injurious to the state。 But
  rather     like   allies   who    render    each    other    stronger     the   more     they
  combine;'37' so in these silver mines; the greater number of companies at
  work'38' the larger the riches they will discover and disinter。'39'
  '35' 〃To form similar joint…stock companies。〃
  '36' See 〃Cyneg。〃 v。 5。
  '37' Or; 〃deriving strength from combination。〃
  '38' Co…operators。
  '39' Reading {ekphoresousi}; after Cobet。
  This then is a statement; as far as I can make it clear; of the method by
  which; with the proper state organisation; every Athenian may be supplied
  with ample maintenance at the public expense。 Possibly some of you may
  be calculating that the  capital'40' requisite will   be enormous。 They  may
  doubt if a sufficient sum will ever be subscribed to meet all the needs。 All
  I can say is; even so; do not dispond。 It is not as if it were necessary that
  every feature of the scheme should be carried out at once; or else there is
  to be no advantage in it at all。 On the contrary; whatever number of houses
  are erected; or ships are built; or slaves purchased; etc。; these portions will
  begin to pay at once。 In fact; the bit…by…bit method of proceeding will be
  more advantageous than a simultaneous carrying into effect of the whole
  plan;  to   this   extent:   if   we  set   about   erecting   buildings   wholesale'41'   we
  shall make a more expensive and worse job of it than if we finish them off
  gradually。 Again; if we set about bidding for hundreds of slaves at once we
  shall be forced to purchase an inferior type at a higher cost。 Whereas; if we
  proceed   tentatively;  as   we   find   ourselves   able;'42'  we   can   complete   any
  well…devised attempt at our leisure;'43' and; in case of any obvious failure;
  take warning and not repeat it。 Again; if everything were to be carried out
  at   once;    it  is  we;  sirs;  who    must    make    the   whole    provision     at  our
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  expense。'44' Whereas; if part were proceeded with and part stood over; the
  portion of revenue in hand will help to furnish what is necessary to go on