第 4 节
作者:卖吻      更新:2024-04-09 19:51      字数:9321
  ever anybody does become possessed of an immoderate amount he finds
  as much pleasure in digging a hole in the ground and hoarding it as in the
  actual employment of it。 And from a wider point of view: when a state is
  prosperous   there   is   nothing   which   people   so   much   desire   as   silver。   The
  men   want   money   to   expend   on   beautiful   armour   and   fine   horses;   and
  houses;   and   sumptuous   paraphenalia'6'   of   all   sorts。   The   women   betake
  themselves   to   expensive   apparel   and   ornaments   of   gold。   Or   when   states
  are sick;'7' either through barrenness of corn and other fruits; or through
  war;   the   demand   for   current   coin   is   even   more   imperative   (whilst   the
  ground lies unproductive); to pay for necessaries or military aid。
  '1' Or; 〃on a sound basis。〃
  '2' 〃Exploited。〃
  '3' Or; 〃at the date when the maximum of hands was employed。〃
  '4' Reading {epikataskeuazumenois}; or; if {episkeuazomenoi}; transl。
  〃at the rehabilitation of old works。〃
  '5' Cf。 〃Oecon。〃 xvii。 12。
  '6' 〃The thousand and one embellishments of civil life。〃
  '7' 〃When a state is struck down with barrenness;〃 etc。 See 〃Mem。〃 II。
  vii。
  And   if   it   be   asserted   that   gold   is   after   all   just   as   useful   as   silver;
  without gainsaying the proposition I may note this fact'8' about gold; that;
  with a sudden influx of this metal; it is the gold itself which is depreciated
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  whilst causing at the same time a rise in the value of silver。
  '8' Lit。 〃I know; however。〃
  The above facts are; I think; conclusive。 They encourage us not only to
  introduce as much human labour as possible into the mines; but to extend
  the scale of operations within; by increase of plant; etc。; in full assurance
  that there is no danger either of the ore itself being exhausted or of silver
  becoming       depreciated。     And    in   advancing     these    views    I  am    merely
  following a precedent set me by the state herself。 So it seems to me; since
  the    state  permits    any    foreigner    who    desires    it  to  undertake     mining
  operations on a footing of equality'9' with her own citizens。
  '9'   Or;   〃at   an   equal   rent   with   that   which   she   imposes   on   her   own
  citizens。〃 See Boeckh; 〃P。 E。 A。〃 IV。 x。 (p。 540; Eng。 tr。)
  But;  to   make   my   meaning   clearer   on   the   question   of   maintenance;   I
  will at this point explain in detail how the silver mines may be furnished
  and extended so as to render them much more useful to the state。 Only I
  would premise that I claim no sort of admiration for anything which I am
  about to say; as though I had hit upon some recondite discovery。 Since half
  of what I have to say is at the present moment still patent to the eyes of all
  of   us;   and   as   to   what   belongs   to   past   history;   if   we   are   to   believe   the
  testimony of our fathers;'10' things were then much of a piece with what
  is going on now。 No; what is really marvellous is that the state; with the
  fact of so many private persons growing wealthy at her expense; and under
  her very eyes; should have failed to imitate them。 It is an old story; trite
  enough to those of us who have cared to attend to it; how once on a time
  Nicias; the son of Niceratus; owned a thousand men in the silver mines;'11'
  whom he let out to Sosias; a Thracian; on the following terms。 Sosias was
  to pay him a net obol a day; without charge or deduction; for every slave
  of    the  thousand;     and   be'12'    responsible     for  keeping    up   the   number
  perpetually at that figure。 So again Hipponicus'13' had six hundred slaves
  let out on the same principle; which brought him in a net mina'14' a day
  without   charge   or   deduction。   Then   there   was   Philemonides;   with   three
  hundred; bringing him in half a mina; and others; I make no doubt there
  were;     making     profits  in   proportion    to   their  respective    resources     and
  capital。'15' But there is no need to revert to ancient history。 At the present
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  moment there are hundreds of human beings in the mines let out on the
  same principle。'16' And given that my proposal were carried into effect;
  the   only   novelty    in  it  is  that;  just  as  the  individual    in  acquiring    the
  ownership   of   a   gang     of   slaves   finds   himself   at   once   provided   with   a
  permanent source of income; so the state; in like fashion; should possess
  herself of a body of public slaves; to the number; say; of three for every
  Athenian   citizen。'17' As   to   the   feasability   of   our   proposals;   I   challenge
  any one whom it   may concern to test the scheme point by point; and   to
  give his verdict。
  '10'   Reading   {para   ton   pateron};   with   Zurborg;   after   Wilamowitz…
  Mollendorf。
  '11' See   〃Mem。〃   II。  v。  2;   Plut。 〃Nicias;〃 4; 〃Athen。〃   vi。  272。  See   an
  important        criticism     of    Boeckh's       view     by     Cornewall        Lewis;
  translation of 〃P。 E。 A。〃 p。 675 foll。
  '12'    Reading     {parekhein};      or   if  {pareikhen};      transl。  〃whilst    he
  himself kept up the number。〃 See H。 hagen in 〃Journ。 Philol。〃 x。                        19;
  pp。 34…36; also Zurborg; 〃Comm。〃 p。 28。
  '13' Son of Callias。
  '14' = L4:1:3 = 600 ob。
  '15'   Or;   〃whose   incomes   would   vary   in   proportion   to   their   working
  capital。〃
  '16' See Jebb; 〃Theophr。〃 xxvi。 21。
  '17'    According      to  the   ancient   authorities    the   citizens   of  Athens
  numbered       about   21;000    at  this  date;   which    would    give   about   63;000
  as    the  number     of   state…slaves    contemplated      for  the   purposes     of  the
  scheme。   See   Zurborg;   〃Comm。〃   p。   29。   〃At   a   census   taken   in   B。C。   309
  the   number     of  slaves   was    returned    at  400;000;    and   it  does  not   seem
  likely that there were fewer at any time during the classical                    period。〃…
  …〃A    Companion       to  School    Classics〃    (James     Gow);    p。  101;         xiii。
  〃Population of Attica。〃
  With regard to the price then of the men themselves; it is obvious that
  the public treasury is in a better position to provide funds than any private
  individuals。   What   can   be   easier   than     for   the   Council'18'   to  invite   by
  public proclamation all whom it may concern to bring their slaves; and to
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  buy     up  those    produced?      Assuming       the  purchase     to   be  effected;    is  it
  credible that people will hesitate to hire from the state rather than from the
  private owner; and actually on the same terms? People have at all events
  no hesitation at present in hiring consecrated grounds; sacred victims;'19'
  houses; etc。; or in purchasing the right of farming taxes from the state。 To
  ensure the preservation of the purchased property; the treasury can take the
  same     securities    precisely     from   the   lessee   as   it  does   from    those   who
  purchase the right of farming its taxes。 Indeed; fraudulent dealing is easier
  on the   part   of   the   man   who   has purchased   such   a   right than of   the   man
  who   hires   slaves。   Since   it   is   not   easy   to   see   how   the   exportation'20'   of
  public   money   is   to   be   detected;   when   it   differs   in   no   way   from   private
  money。 Whereas it will take a clever thief to make off with these slaves;
  marked   as   they   will   be   with   the   public   stamp;   and   in   face   of   a   heavy
  penalty  attached   at   once   to   the   sale   and   exportation   of   them。   Up   to   this
  point then it would appear feasible enough for the state to acquire property
  in men and to keep a safe watch over them。'21'
  '18'   Or;   〃senate。〃   See Aristot。   〃Athen。   Pol。〃   for   the   functions   of   the
  Boule。
  '19' So Zurborg。 See Demosth。 〃in Mid。〃 570; Boeckh; 〃P。 E。 A。〃 II。
  xii。 (p。 212; Eng。 tr。) See Arnold's note to 〃Thuc。〃 iii。 50; 7。
  '20' Or; 〃diversation;〃 〃defalcation。〃
  '21'   Or;    〃as  far  as   that  goes;   then;   there   is  nothing    apparently   to
  prevent the state from acquiring property in slaves; and                       safeguarding
  the property so acquired。〃
  But with reference to an opposite objection which may present itself to
  the mind of some one: what guarantee is there that;