purpose　of　the　papers　is　given　by　Warburton　and　Spence　in　the
  following　extracts　quoted　from　the　Preface　to　the　Memoirs　of　the
  Extraordinary　Life；　Works　and　Discoveries　of　Martinus　Scriblerus　in
  Elwin　and　Courthope's　edition　of　Pope's　works；　vol。　x；　p。　273：
  〃Mr。　Pope；　Dr。　Arbuthnot；　and　Dr。　Swift；　in　conjunction；　formed　the
  project　of　a　satire　on　the　abuses　of　human　learning；　and　to　make　it
  better　received；　proposed　to　execute　it　in　the　manner　of　Cervantes
  （the　original　author　of　this　species　of　satire）　under　a　continued
  narrative　of　feigned　adventures。　　They　had　observed　that　those
  abuses　still　kept　their　ground　against　all　that　the　ablest　and
  gravest　authors　could　say　to　discredit　them；　they　concluded；
  therefore；　the　force　of　ridicule　was　wanting　to　quicken　their
  disgrace；　and　ridicule　was　here　in　its　place；　when　the　abuses　had
  been　already　detected　by　sober　reasoning；　and　truth　in　no　danger　to
  suffer　by　the　premature　use　of　so　powerful　an　instrument。〃
  〃The　design　of　this　work；　as　stated　by　Pope　himself；　is　to　ridicule
  all　the　false　tastes　in　learning　under　the　character　of　a　man　of
  capacity　enough；　that　had　dipped　into　every　art　and　science；　but
  injudiciously　in　each。　　It　was　begun　by　a　club　of　some　of　the
  greatest　wits　of　the　ageLord　Oxford；　the　Bishop　of　Rochester；
  Pope；　Congreve；　Swift；　Arbuthnot；　and　others。　　Gay　often　held　the
  pen；　and　Addison　liked　it　very　well；　and　was　not　disinclined　to
  come　into　it。〃
  ＇108＇
  accounted　for　the　operation　of　the　meat…jack：　from　the　paper　〃To
  the　learned　inquisitor　into　nature；　Martinus　Scriblerus：　the
  society　of　free　thinkers　greeting。〃　　Elwin　and　Courthope；　Pope's
  works；　vol。　？；　p。　332。
  ＇109＇
  The　remainder　of　the　essay　endeavors　to　meet　the　charge　of
  materialism。　　The　following　is　the　conclusion：
  〃In　itself　it　is　of　little　moment　whether　we　express　the　phaenomena
  of　matter　in　terms　of　spirit；　or　the　phaenomena　of　spirit　in　terms
  of　matter：　matter　may　be　regarded　as　a　form　of　thought；　thought　may
  be　regarded　as　a　property　of　mattereach　statement　has　a　certain
  relative　truth。　　But　with　a　view　to　the　progress　of　science；　the
  materialistic　terminology　is　in　every　way　to　be　preferred。　　For　it
  connects　thought　with　the　other　phaenomena　of　the　universe；　and
  suggests　inquiry　into　the　nature　of　those　physical　conditions；　or
  concomitants　of　thought；　which　are　more　or　less　accessible　to　us；
  and　a　knowledge　of　which　may；　in　future；　help　us　to　exercise　the
  same　kind　of　control　over　the　world　of　thought；　as　we　already
  possess　in　respect　of　the　material　world；　whereas；　the　alternative；
  or　spiritualistic；　terminology　is　utterly　barren；　and　leads　to
  nothing　but　obscurity　and　confusion　of　ideas。
  〃Thus　there　can　be　little　doubt；　that　the　further　science　advances；
  the　more　extensively　and　consistently　will　all　the　phaenomena　of
  Nature　be　represented　by　materialistic　formulae　and　symbols。　　But
  the　man　of　science；　who；　forgetting　the　limits　of　philosophical
  inquiry；　slides　from　these　formulae　and　symbols　into　what　is
  commonly　understood　by　materialism；　seems　to　me　to　place　himself　on
  a　level　with　the　mathematician；　who　should　mistake　the　x's　and　y's
  with　which　he　works　his　problems；　for　real　entitiesand　with　this
  further　disadvantage；　as　compared　with　the　mathematician；　that　the
  blunders　of　the　latter　are　of　no　practical　consequence；　while　the
  errors　of　systematic　materialism　may　paralyze　the　energies　and
  destroy　the　beauty　of　a　life。〃
  ON　CORAL　AND　CORAL　REEFS　（1870）
  ＇110＇
  On　Coral　and　Coral　Reefs：　from　Critiques　and　Addresses。　　The　essay
  was　published　in　1870。
  ＇111＇
  Sic　et　curalium：　Thus　also　the　coral；　as　soon　as　it　touches　the　air
  turns　hard。　　It　was　a　soft　plant　under　the　water。
  ＇112＇
  Boccone　（1633…1704）：　a　noted　Sicilian　naturalist。
  ＇113＇
  Marsigli　（1658…1730）：　an　Italian　soldier　and　naturalist。　　He　wrote
  A　Physical　History　of　the　Sea。
  ＇114＇
  〃Traite　du　Corail〃：　〃I　made　the　coral　bloom　in　vases　full　of　sea…
  water；　and　I　noticed　that　what　we　believe　to　be　the　flower　of　this
  so…called　plant　was　in　reality　only　an　insect　similar　to　a　little
  nettle　or　polype。　　I　had　the　pleasure　to　see　the　paws　or　feet　of
  this　nettle　move；　and　having　placed　the　vase　full　of　water　in　which
  the　coral　was；　near　the　fire；　at　a　moderate　heat；　all　the　little
  insects　expanded；　the　nettle　stretched　out　its　feet　and　formed　what
  M。　de　Marsigli　and　I　had　taken　for　the　petals　of　the　flower。　　The
  calyx　of　this　so…called　flower　is　the　very　body　of　the　animal
  issued　from　its　cell。〃
  ＇115＇
  Reaumur　（1683…1757）：　a　French　physiologist　and　naturalist；　best
  known　as　the　inventor　of　the　Reaumur　thermometer。　　He　was　a　member
  of　the　French　Academy　of　Science。
  ＇116＇
  Bishop　Wilson：　Thomas　Wilson　（1663…1755）；　bishop　of　the　Isle　of
  Man。　　Details　of　his　life　are　given　in　the　folio　edition　of　his
  works　（1782）。　　An　appreciation　of　his　religious　writings　is　given
  by　Matthew　Arnold　in　Culture　and　Anarchy。　　Bishop　Wilson's　words；
  〃To　make　reason　and　the　will　of　God　prevail；〃　are　the　theme　of
  Arnold's　essay；　Sweetness　and　Light。
  ＇117＇
  An　eminent　modern　writer：　Matthew　Arnold　（1822…1888）；　eldest　son　of
  Thomas　Arnold；　headmaster　of　Rugby；　a　distinguished　critic　and
  poet；　and　professor　of　poetry　at　Oxford。　　The　allusion　is　to
  Arnold's　essay；　Sweetness　and　Light。　　The　phrase；　〃sweetness　and
  light；〃　is　one　which　Aesop　uses　in　Swift's　Battle　of　the　Books　to
  sum　up　the　superiority　of　the　ancients　over　the　moderns。　　〃As　for
  us；　the　ancients；　we　are　content；　with　the　bee；　to　pretend　to
  nothing　of　our　own　beyond　our　wings　and　our　voice；　that　is　to　say；
  our　flights　and　our　language；　for　the　rest；　whatever　we　have　got
  has　been　by　infinite　labor　and　search；　and　ranging　through　every
  corner　of　nature；　the　difference　is；　that　instead　of　dirt　and
  poison　we　have　rather　chose　to　fill　our　hives　with　honey　and　wax；
  thus　furnishing　mankind　with　the　two　noblest　things；　which　are
  sweetness　and　light。〃　　Arnold's　purpose　in　the　essay　is　to　define
  the　cultured　man　as　one　who　endeavors　to　make　beauty　and
  intelligence　prevail　everywhere。
  ＇118＇
  Abbe　Trembley　（1700…1784）：　a　Swiss　naturalist。　　He　wrote　〃Memoires
  pour　servir　a　l'histoire　d'un　genre　de　polypes　d'eau　douce；　a　bras
  en　forme　de　cornes。〃
  ＇119＇
  Bernard　de　Jussieu　（1699…1776）：　a　French　botanist；　founder　of　the
  natural　classification　of　plants。　　He　was　superintendent　of　the
  Trianon　Gardens。
  ＇120＇
  Guettard　（1715…1786）：　a　French　naturalist。
  ＇121＇
  Monte　Nuovo　within　the　old　crater　of　Somma：　Monte　Nuovo；　a　mountain
  west　of　Naples；　Somma；　a　mountain　north　of　Vesuvius　which　with　its
  lofty；　semicircular　cliff　encircles　the　active　cone　of　Vesuvius。
  ＇122＇
  Mauritius：　an　island　in　the　Indian　Ocean；　Huxley　visited　the　island
  when　on　the　voyage　with　the　Rattlesnake。　　He　wrote　to　his　mother　of
  his　visit：　〃This　island　is；　you　know；　the　scene　of　Saint　Pierre's
  beautiful　story　of　Paul　and　Virginia；　over　which　I　suppose　most
  people　have　sentimentalized　at　one　time　or　another　of　their　lives。
  Until　we　reached　here　I　did　not　know　that　the　tale　was　like　the
  lady's　improvera　fiction　founded　on　fact；　and　that　Paul　and
  Virginia　were　at　one　time　flesh　and　blood；　and　that　their　veritable
  dust　was　buried　at　Pamplemousses　in　a　spot　considered　as　one　of　the
  lions　of　the　place；　and　visited　as　classic　ground。〃
  ＇123＇
  Mr。　Darwin's　coral　reefs：　The　Structure　and　Distribution　of　Coral
  Reefs；　published　in　1848。
  ＇124＇
  Professor　Jukes　（1811…1869）：　an　English　geologist。
  ＇125＇
  Mr。　Dana　（1813…1895）：　a　well…known　American　geologist　and
  mineralogist；　a　professor　at　Yale　from　1845。　　He　wrote　a　number　of
  books　among　which　is　Coral　and　Coral　Reefs。
  ＇126＇
  Jurassic　period：　that　part　of　the　geological　series　which　is　older
  than　the　Cretaceous　and　newer　than　the　Triassic；　so　called　from　the
  predominance　of　rocks　of　this　age　in　the　Jura　Mountains。　　The　three
  great　divisions　of　fossiliferous　rocks　are　called　the　Triassic；　the
  Jurassic；　and　the　Cretaceous。
  REFERENCE　BOOKS
  The　following　reference　books　are　suggested　for　a　more　complete
  treatment　of　various　points　in　the　text：
  Andrews'　History　of　England。
  Green's　Short　History　of　the　English　People。
  Traill's　Social　England。
  Roger's　A　Student's　History　of　Philosophy。
  Royce's　The　Spirit　of　Modern　Philosophy。
  Huxley's　Life　and　Letters。
  Smalley's　Mr。　Huxley；　in　Scribner's　Magazine　for　October；　1905。
  Darwin's　Life　and　Letters。
  End