are　sometimes　standing　on　the　rocks　in　the　position　they　had　when
  growing：　others　are　lying　in　fragments；　as　they　were　broken　and
  heaped　by　the　waves；　and　others　were　reduced　to　a　compact　limestone
  by　the　finer　trituration　before　consolidation　into　rock。　　This
  compact　variety　is　the　most　common　kind　among　the　coral　reef　rocks
  of　the　present　seas；　and　it　often　contains　but　few　distinct
  fossils；　although　formed　in　water　that　abounded　in　life。　　At　the
  fall　of　the　Ohio；　near　Louisville；　there　is　a　magnificent　display
  of　the　old　reef。　　Hemispherical　Favosites；　five　or　six　feet　in
  diameter；　lie　there　nearly　as　perfect　as　when　they　were　covered　by
  their　flowerlike　polypes；　and　besides　these；　there　are　various
  branching　corals；　and　a　profusion　of　Cyathophyllia；　or　cup…
  corals。〃*
  *　Dana；　Manual　of　Geology；　p。　272。
  Thus；　in　all　the　great　periods　of　the　earth's　history　of　which　we
  know　anything；　a　part　of　the　then　living　matter　has　had　the　form　of
  polypes；　competent　to　separate　from　the　water　of　the　sea　the
  carbonate　of　lime　necessary　for　their　own　skeletons。　　Grain　by
  grain；　and　particle　by　particle；　they　have　built　up　vast　masses　of
  rock；　the　thickness　of　which　is　measured　by　hundreds　of　feet；　and
  their　area　by　thousands　of　square　miles。　　The　slow　oscillations　of
  the　crust　of　the　earth；　producing　great　changes　in　the　distribution
  of　land　and　water；　have　often　obliged　the　living　matter　of　the
  coral…builders　to　shift　the　locality　of　its　operations；　and；　by
  variation　and　adaptation　to　these　modifications　of　condition；　its
  forms　have　as　often　changed。　　The　work　it　has　done　in　the　past　is；
  for　the　most　part；　swept　away；　but　fragments　remain；　and；　if　there
  were　no　other　evidence；　suffice　to　prove　the　general　constancy　of
  the　operations　of　Nature　in　this　world；　through　periods　of　almost
  inconceivable　duration。
  NOTES
  AUTOBIOGRAPHY
  ＇1＇
  Autobiography：　Huxley's　account　of　this　sketch；　written　in　1889；　is
  as　follows：　〃A　man　who　is　bringing　out　a　series　of　portraits　of
  celebrities；　with　a　sketch　of　their　career　attached；　has　bothered
  me　out　of　my　life　for　something　to　go　with　my　portrait；　and　to
  escape　the　abominable　bad　taste　of　some　of　the　notices；　I　have　done
  that。〃
  ＇2＇
  pre…Boswellian　epoch：　the　time　before　Boswell。　　James　Boswell
  （1740…1795）　wrote　the　famous　Life　of　Samuel　Johnson。　　Mr。　Leslie
  Stephen　declares　that　this　book　〃became　the　first　specimen　of　a　new
  literary　type。〃　　〃It　is　a　full…length　portrait　of　a　man's　domestic
  life　with　enough　picturesque　detail　to　enable　us　to　see　him　through
  the　eyes　of　private　friendship。　。　。　。〃　　A　number　of　biographers
  since　Boswell　have　imitated　his　method；　and　Leslie　Stephen　believes
  that　〃we　owe　it　in　some　degree　to　his　example　that　we　have　such
  delightful　books　as　Lockhart's　Life　of　Scott　or　Mr。　Trevelyan's
  Life　of　Macaulay。〃
  ＇3＇
  〃Bene　qui　latuit；　bene　vixit〃：　from　Ovid。　　He　who　has　kept　himself
  well　hidden；　has　lived　well。
  ＇4＇
  Prince　George　of　Cambridge：　the　grandson　of　King　George　III；　second
  Duke　of　Cambridge；　and　Commander…in…chief　of　the　British　Army。
  ＇5＇
  Mr。　Herbert　Spencer　（18201903）：　a　celebrated　English　philosopher
  and　powerful　advocate　of　the　doctrine　of　evolution。　　Spencer　is
  regarded　as　one　of　the　most　profound　thinkers　of　modern　times。　　He
  was　one　of　Huxley's　closest　friends。
  ＇6＇
  in　partibus　infidelium：　in　the　domain　of　the　unbelievers。
  ＇7＇
  〃sweet　south　upon　a　bed　of　violets。〃　　Cf。　Twelfth　Night；　Act　I；　sc。
  I；　l。　5。
  O；　it　came　o'er　my　ear　like　the　sweet　sound
  That　breathes　upon　a　bank　of　violets；
  Stealing　and　giving　odour。
  For　the　reading　〃sweet　south〃　instead　of　〃sweet　sound；〃　see　Rolfe's
  edition　of　Twelfth　Night。
  ＇8＇
  〃Lehrjahre〃：　apprenticeship。
  Charing　Cross　School　of　Medicine：　a　school　connected　with　the
  Charing　Cross　Hospital　in　the　Strand；　London。
  ＇9＇
  Nelson：　Horatio　Nelson；　a　celebrated　English　Admiral　born　in
  Norfolk；　England；　1758；　and　died　on　board　the　Victory　at　Trafalgar；
  1805。　　It　was　before　the　battle　off　Cape　Trafalgar　that　Nelson
  hoisted　his　famous　signal；　〃England　expects　every　man　will　do　his
  duty。〃　　Cf。　Tennyson's　Ode　to　the　Duke　of　Wellington；　stanza　VI；
  for　a　famous　tribute　to　Nelson。
  ＇10＇
  middies：　abbreviated　form　for　midshipmen。
  ＇11＇
  Suites　a　Buffon：　sequels　to　Buffon。　　Buffon　（1707…1781）　was　a
  French　naturalist　who　wrote　many　volumes　on　science。
  ＇12＇
  Linnean　Society：　a　scientific　society　formed　in　1788　under　the
  auspices　of　several　fellows　of　the　Royal　Society。
  ＇13＇
  Royal　Society：　The　Royal　Society　for　Improving　Natural　Knowledge；
  the　oldest　scientific　society　in　Great　Britain；　and　one　of　the
  oldest　in　Europe。　　It　was　founded　by　Charles　II；　in　1660；　its
  nucleus　being　an　association　of　learned　men　already　in　existence。
  It　is　supposed　to　be　identical　with　the　Invisible　College　which
  Boyle　mentions　in　1646。　　It　was　incorporated　under　the　name　of　The
  Royal　Society　in　1661。　　The　publications　of　the　Royal　Society　are
  called　Philosophical　Transactions。　　The　society　has　close
  connection　with　the　government；　and　has　assisted　the　government　in
  various　important　scientific　undertakings　among　which　may　be
  mentioned　Parry's　North　Pole　expedition。　　The　society　also
  distributes　20；000　yearly　for　the　promotion　of　scientific
  research。
  ＇14＇
  Rastignac：　a　character　in　Le　Pere　Goriot。　　At　the　close　of　the
  story　Rastignac　says；　〃A　nous　deux；　maintenant〃：Henceforth　there
  is　war　between　us。
  ＇15＇
  Pere　Goriot：　a　novel　of　Balzac's　with　a　plot　similar　to　King　Lear。
  ＇16＇
  Professor　Tyndall　（1820…1893）：　a　distinguished　British　physicist
  and　member　of　the　Royal　Society。　　He　explored　with　Huxley　the
  glaciers　of　Switzerland。　　His　work　in　electricity；　radiant　heat；
  light　and　acoustics　gave　him　a　foremost　place　in　science。
  ＇17＇
  Ecclesiastical　spirit：　the　spirit　manifested　by　the　clergy　of
  England　in　Huxley's　time　against　the　truths　of　science。　　The　clergy
  considered　scientific　truth　to　be　disastrous　to　religious　truth。
  Huxley's　attitude　toward　the　teaching　of　religious　truth　is
  illuminated　by　this　quotation；　which　he　uses　to　explain　his　own
  position：　〃I　have　the　fullest　confidence　that　in　the　reading　and
  explaining　of　the　Bible；　what　the　children　will　be　taught　will　be
  the　great　truths　of　Christian　Life　and　conduct；　which　all　of　us
  desire　they　should　know；　and　that　no　effort　will　be　made　to　cram
  into　their　poor　little　minds；　theological　dogmas　which　their　tender
  age　prevents　them　from　understanding。〃　　Huxley　defines　his　idea　of
  a　church　as　a　place　in　which；　〃week　by　week；　services　should　be
  devoted；　not　to　the　iteration　of　abstract　propositions　in　theology；
  but　to　the　setting　before　men's　minds　of　an　ideal　of　true；　just　and
  pure　living；　a　place　in　which　those　who　are　weary　of　the　burden　of
  daily　cares　should　find　a　moment's　rest　in　the　contemplation　of　the
  higher　life　which　is　possible　for　all；　though　attained　by　so　few；　a
  place　in　which　the　man　of　strife　and　of　business　should　have　time
  to　think　how　small；　after　all；　are　the　rewards　he　covets　compared
  with　peace　and　charity。〃
  ＇18＇
  New　Reformation：　Huxley　writes：　〃We　are　in　the　midst　of　a　gigantic
  movement　greater　than　that　which　preceded　and　produced　the
  Reformation；　and　really　only　the　continuation　of　that　movement。　。　。　。
  But　this　organization　will　be　the　work　of　generations　of　men；
  and　those　who　further　it　most　will　be　those　who　teach　men　to　rest
  in　no　lie；　and　to　rest　in　no　verbal　delusion。〃
  ON　THE　ADVISABLENESS　OF　IMPROVING　NATURAL　KNOWLEDGE　（1866）
  ＇19＇
  On　the　Advisableness　of　Improving　Natural　Knowledge：　from　Method
  and　Results：　also　published　in　Lay　Sermons；　Addresses　and　Reviews。
  For　the　history　of　the　times　mentioned　in　this　essay；　see　Green's
  Short　History　of　the　English　People。
  ＇20＇
  The　very　spot：　St。　Martin's　Borough　Hall　and　Public　Library；　on
  Charing　Cross　Road；　near　Trafalgar　Square。
  ＇21＇
  Defoe　（1661…1731）：　an　English　novelist　and　political　writer。　　On
  account　of　his　political　writings　Defoe　was　sentenced　to　stand　in
  the　pillory；　and　to　be　〃imprisoned　during　the　Queen's　pleasure。〃
  During　this　imprisonment　he　wrote　many　articles。　　Later　in　life　he
  wrote　Robinson　Crusoe；　The　Fortunes　and　Misfortunes　of　Moll
  Flanders；　Journal　of　the　Plague　Year；　and　other　books　less　well
  known。
  ＇22＇
  unholy　cursing　and　crackling　wit　of　the　Rochesters　and　Sedleys：
  John　Wilmot；　the　second　Earl　of　Rochester；　and　Sir　Charles　Sedley；
  were　both　friends　of　Charles　II；　and　were　noted　for　biting　wit　and
  profligacy。　　Green；　in　his　Short　History　of　the　English　People；
  thus　describes　them：　〃Lord　Rochester　was　a　fashionable　poet；　and
  the　titles　of　some　of　his　poems　are　such　as　no　pen　of　our　day　could
  copy。　　Sir　Charles　Sedley　was　a　fashionable　wit；　and　the　foulness
  of　his　words　made　even　the　porters　in　the　Covent　Garden　belt　him