Hervas　is　perhaps　his　second；　namely；　that　the　Gypsies　have
  invented　particular　words　to　supply　the　place　of　others　which　they
  had　lost。　　The　absurdity　of　this　supposition　nearly　induces　us　to
  believe　that　Hervas；　who　has　written　so　much　and　so　laboriously　on
  language；　was　totally　ignorant　of　the　philosophy　of　his　subject。
  There　can　be　no　doubt；　as　we　have　before　admitted；　that　in　the
  robber　jargon；　whether　spoken　in　Spain；　Italy；　or　England；　there
  are　many　words　at　whose　etymology　it　is　very　difficult　to　arrive；
  yet　such　a　fact　is　no　excuse　for　the　adoption　of　the　opinion　that
  these　words　are　of　pure　invention。　　A　knowledge　of　the　Rommany
  proves　satisfactorily　that　many　have　been　borrowed　from　that
  language；　whilst　many　others　may　be　traced　to　foreign　tongues；
  especially　the　Latin　and　Italian。　　Perhaps　one　of　the　strongest
  grounds　for　concluding　that　the　origin　of　language　was　divine　is
  the　fact　that　no　instance　can　be　adduced　of　the　invention；　we　will
  not　say　of　a　language；　but　even　of　a　single　word　that　is　in　use　in
  society　of　any　kind。　　Although　new　dialects　are　continually　being
  formed；　it　is　only　by　a　system　of　modification；　by　which　roots
  almost　coeval　with　time　itself　are　continually　being　reproduced
  under　a　fresh　appearance；　and　under　new　circumstances。　　The　third
  assertion　of　Hervas；　as　to　the　Gitanos　speaking　the　allegorical
  language　of　which　he　exhibits　specimens；　is　entitled　to　about　equal
  credence　as　the　two　former。　　The　truth　is；　that　the　entire　store　of
  erudition　of　the　learned　Jesuit；　and　he　doubtless　was　learned　to　a
  remarkable　degree；　was　derived　from　books；　either　printed　or
  manuscript。　　He　compared　the　Gypsy　words　in　the　publication　of
  Grellmann　with　various　vocabularies；　which　had　long　been　in
  existence；　of　the　robber　jargons　of　Spain　and　Italy；　which　jargons
  by　a　strange　fatuity　had　ever　been　considered　as　belonging　to　the
  Gypsies。　　Finding　that　the　Gypsy　words　of　Grellmann　did　not　at　all
  correspond　with　the　thieves'　slang；　he　concluded　that　the　Gypsies
  of　Spain　and　Italy　had　forgotten　their　own　language；　and　to　supply
  its　place　had　invented　the　jargons　aforesaid；　but　he　never　gave
  himself　the　trouble　to　try　whether　the　Gypsies　really　understood
  the　contents　of　his　slang　vocabularies；　had　he　done　so；　he　would
  have　found　that　the　slang　was　about　as　unintelligible　to　the
  Gypsies　as　he　would　have　found　the　specimens　of　Grellmann
  unintelligible　to　the　thieves　had　he　quoted　those　specimens　to
  them。　　The　Gypsies　of　Spain；　it　will　be　sufficient　to　observe；
  speak　the　language　of　which　a　vocabulary　is　given　in　the　present
  work；　and　those　of　Italy　who　are　generally　to　be　found　existing　in
  a　half…savage　state　in　the　various　ruined　castles；　relics　of　the
  feudal　times；　with　which　Italy　abounds；　a　dialect　very　similar；　and
  about　as　much　corrupted。　　There　are；　however；　to　be　continually
  found　in　Italy　roving　bands　of　Rommany；　not　natives　of　the　country；
  who　make　excursions　from　Moldavia　and　Hungaria　to　France　and　Italy；
  for　the　purpose　of　plunder；　and　who；　if　they　escape　the　hand　of
  justice；　return　at　the　expiration　of　two　or　three　years　to　their
  native　regions；　with　the　booty　they　have　amassed　by　the　practice　of
  those　thievish　arts；　perhaps　at　one　period　peculiar　to　their　race；
  but　at　present；　for　the　most　part；　known　and　practised　by　thieves
  in　general。　　These　bands；　however；　speak　the　pure　Gypsy　language；
  with　all　its　grammatical　peculiarities。　　It　is　evident；　however；
  that　amongst　neither　of　these　classes　had　Hervas　pushed　his
  researches；　which　had　he　done；　it　is　probable　that　his
  investigations　would　have　resulted　in　a　work　of　a　far　different
  character　from　the　confused；　unsatisfactory；　and　incorrect　details
  of　which　is　formed　his　essay　on　the　language　of　the　Gypsies。
  Having　said　thus　much　concerning　the　robber　language　in　general；　we
  shall　now　proceed　to　offer　some　specimens　of　it；　in　order　that　our
  readers　may　be　better　able　to　understand　its　principles。　　We　shall
  commence　with　the　Italian　dialect；　which　there　is　reason　for
  supposing　to　be　the　prototype　of　the　rest。　　To　show　what　it　is；　we
  avail　ourselves　of　some　of　the　words　adduced　by　Hervas；　as
  specimens　of　the　language　of　the　Gitanos　of　Italy。　　'I　place　them；'
  he　observes；　'with　the　signification　which　the　greater　number
  properly　have　in　Italian。'
  Robber　jargon　　　　Proper　signification　of
  of　Italy。　　　　　　　　the　words。
  Arm　　　　　　｛　Ale　　　　　　　　　　　　Wings
  ｛　Barbacane　　　　　　Barbican
  Belly　　　　　　Fagiana　　　　　　　　Pheasant
  Devil　　　　　　Rabuino　　　　　　　　Perhaps　RABBIN；　which；
  in　Hebrew；　is　Master
  Earth　　　　　　Calcosa　　　　　　　　Street；　road
  Eye　　　　　　　　Balco　　　　　　　　　　Balcony
  Father　　　　　Grimo　　　　　　　　　　Old；　wrinkled
  Fire　　　　　　　Presto　　　　　　　　　Quick
  God　　　　　　　　Anticrotto　　　　　Probably　ANTICHRIST
  Hair　　　　　　　Prusa　（73）
  ｛　Elmo　　　　　　　　　　　Helmet
  Head　　　　　｛　Borella　（74）
  ｛　Chiurla　（75）
  Heart　　　　　　Salsa　　　　　　　　　　Sauce
  Man　　　　　　　　Osmo　　　　　　　　　　　From　the　Italian　UOMO；
  which　is　man
  Moon　　　　　　　Mocoloso　di　　　　Wick　of　the　firmament
  Sant'　Alto
  Night　　　　　　Brunamaterna　　　Mother…brown
  Nose　　　　　　　Gambaro　　　　　　　　Crab
  Sun　　　　　　　　Ruffo　di　Sant'　Red　one　of　the　firmament
  Alto
  Tongue　　　｛　Serpentina　　　　　Serpent…like
  ｛　Danosa　　　　　　　　　Hurtful
  Water　　　　｛　Lenza　　　　　　　　　　Fishing…net
  ｛　Vetta　（76）　　　　　Top；　bud
  The　Germania　of　Spain　may　be　said　to　divide　itself　into　two
  dialects；　the　ancient　and　modern。　　Of　the　former　there　exists　a
  vocabulary；　published　first　by　Juan　Hidalgo；　in　the　year　1609；　at
  Barcelona；　and　reprinted　in　Madrid；　1773。　　Before　noticing　this
  work；　it　will　perhaps　be　advisable　to　endeavour　to　ascertain　the
  true　etymology　of　the　word　Germania；　which　signifies　the　slang
  vocabulary；　or　robber　language　of　Spain。　　We　have　no　intention　to
  embarrass　our　readers　by　offering　various　conjectures　respecting
  its　origin；　its　sound；　coupled　with　its　signification；　affording
  sufficient　evidence　that　it　is　but　a　corruption　of　Rommany；　which
  properly　denotes　the　speech　of　the　Roma　or　Gitanos。　　The　thieves
  who　from　time　to　time　associated　with　this　wandering　people；　and
  acquired　more　or　less　of　their　language；　doubtless　adopted　this
  term　amongst　others；　and；　after　modifying　it；　applied　it　to　the
  peculiar　phraseology　which；　in　the　course　of　time；　became　prevalent
  amongst　them。　　The　dictionary　of　Hidalgo　is　appended　to　six
  ballads；　or　romances；　by　the　same　author；　written　in　the　Germanian
  dialect；　in　which　he　describes　the　robber　life　at　Seville　at　the
  period　in　which　he　lived。　　All　of　these　romances　possess　their
  peculiar　merit；　and　will　doubtless　always　be　considered　valuable；
  and　be　read　as　faithful　pictures　of　scenes　and　habits　which　now　no
  longer　exist。　　In　the　prologue；　the　author　states　that　his
  principal　motive　for　publishing　a　work　written　in　so　strange　a
  language　was　his　observing　the　damage　which　resulted　from　an
  ignorance　of　the　Germania；　especially　to　the　judges　and　ministers
  of　justice；　whose　charge　it　is　to　cleanse　the　public　from　the
  pernicious　gentry　who　use　it。　　By　far　the　greatest　part　of　the
  vocabulary　consists　of　Spanish　words　used　allegorically；　which　are；
  however；　intermingled　with　many　others；　most　of　which　may　be　traced
  to　the　Latin　and　Italian；　others　to　the　Sanscrit　or　Gitano；
  Russian；　Arabic；　Turkish；　Greek；　and　German　languages。　（77）　　The
  circumstances　of　words　belonging　to　some　of　the　languages　last
  enumerated　being　found　in　the　Gitano；　which　at　first　may　strike　the
  reader　as　singular；　and　almost　incredible；　will　afford　but　slight
  surprise；　when　he　takes　into　consideration　the　peculiar
  circumstances　of　Spain　during　the　sixteenth　and　seventeenth
  centuries。　　Spain　was　at　that　period　the　most　powerful　monarchy　in
  Europe；　her　foot　reposed　upon　the　Low　Countries；　whilst　her
  gigantic　arms　embraced　a　considerable　portion　of　Italy。
  Maintaining　always　a　standing　army　in　Flanders　and　in　Italy；　it
  followed　as　a　natural　consequence；　that　her　Miquelets　and　soldiers
  became　tolerably　conversant　with　the　languages　of　those　countries；
  and；　in　course　of　time；　returning　to　their　native　land；　not　a　few；
  especially　of　the　former　class；　a　brave　and　intrepid；　but　always　a
  lawless　and　dissolute　species　of　soldiery；　either　fell　in　or
  returned　to　evil　society；　and　introduced　words　which　they　had
  learnt　abroad　into　the　robber　phraseology；　whilst　returned　galley…
  slaves　from　Algiers；　Tunis；　and　Tetuan；　added　to　its　motley　variety
  of　words　from　the　relic