foreign　tongues；　or　are　of　an　origin　at　which；　in　many　instances；
  it　is　impossible　to　arrive。　　That　which　is　most　calculated　to
  strike　the　philosophic　mind　when　considering　this　dialect；　is
  doubtless　the　fact　of　its　being　formed　everywhere　upon　the　same
  principle　…　that　of　metaphor；　in　which　point　all　the　branches
  agree；　though　in　others　they　differ　as　much　from　each　other　as　the
  languages　on　which　they　are　founded；　for　example；　as　the　English
  and　German　from　the　Spanish　and　Italian。　　This　circumstance
  naturally　leads　to　the　conclusion　that　the　robber　language　has　not
  arisen　fortuitously　in　the　various　countries　where　it　is　at　present
  spoken；　but　that　its　origin　is　one　and　the　same；　it　being　probably
  invented　by　the　outlaws　of　one　particular　country；　by　individuals
  of　which　it　was；　in　course　of　time；　carried　to　others；　where　its
  principles；　if　not　its　words；　were　adopted；　for　upon　no　other
  supposition　can　we　account　for　its　general　metaphorical　character
  in　regions　various　and　distant。　　It　is；　of　course；　impossible　to
  state　with　certainty　the　country　in　which　this　jargon　first　arose；
  yet　there　is　cogent　reason　for　supposing　that　it　may　have　been
  Italy。　　The　Germans　call　it　Rothwelsch；　which　signifies　'Red
  Italian；'　a　name　which　appears　to　point　out　Italy　as　its
  birthplace；　and　which；　though　by　no　means　of　sufficient　importance
  to　determine　the　question；　is　strongly　corroborative　of　the
  supposition；　when　coupled　with　the　following　fact。　　We　have　already
  intimated；　that　wherever　it　is　spoken；　this　speech；　though　composed
  for　the　most　part　of　words　of　the　language　of　the　particular
  country；　applied　in　a　metaphorical　sense；　exhibits　a　considerable
  sprinkling　of　foreign　words；　now　of　these　words　no　slight　number
  are　Italian　or　bastard　Latin；　whether　in　Germany；　whether　in　Spain；
  or　in　other　countries　more　or　less　remote　from　Italy。　　When　we
  consider　the　ignorance　of　thieves　in　general；　their　total　want　of
  education；　the　slight　knowledge　which　they　possess　even　of　their
  mother　tongue；　it　is　hardly　reasonable　to　suppose　that　in　any
  country　they　were　ever　capable　of　having　recourse　to　foreign
  languages；　for　the　purpose　of　enriching　any　peculiar　vocabulary　or
  phraseology　which　they　might　deem　convenient　to　use　among
  themselves；　nevertheless；　by　associating　with　foreign　thieves；　who
  had　either　left　their　native　country　for　their　crimes；　or　from　a
  hope　of　reaping　a　rich　harvest　of　plunder　in　other　lands；　it　would
  be　easy　for　them　to　adopt　a　considerable　number　of　words　belonging
  to　the　languages　of　their　foreign　associates；　from　whom　perhaps
  they　derived　an　increase　of　knowledge　in　thievish　arts　of　every
  description。　　At　the　commencement　of　the　fifteenth　century　no
  nation　in　Europe　was　at　all　calculated　to　vie　with　the　Italian　in
  arts　of　any　kind；　whether　those　whose　tendency　was　the　benefit　or
  improvement　of　society；　or　those　the　practice　of　which　serves　to
  injure　and　undermine　it。　　The　artists　and　artisans　of　Italy　were　to
  be　found　in　all　the　countries　of　Europe；　from　Madrid　to　Moscow；　and
  so　were　its　charlatans；　its　jugglers；　and　multitudes　of　its
  children；　who　lived　by　fraud　and　cunning。　　Therefore；　when　a
  comprehensive　view　of　the　subject　is　taken；　there　appears　to　be
  little　improbability　in　supposing；　that　not　only　were　the　Italians
  the　originators　of　the　metaphorical　robber　jargon；　which　has　been
  termed　'Red　Italian；'　but　that　they　were　mainly　instrumental　in
  causing　it　to　be　adopted　by　the　thievish　race　in　various　countries
  of　Europe。
  It　is　here；　however；　necessary　to　state；　that　in　the　robber　jargon
  of　Europe；　elements　of　another　language　are　to　be　discovered；　and
  perhaps　in　greater　number　than　the　Italian　words。　　The　language
  which　we　allude　to　is　the　Rommany；　this　language　has　been；　in
  general；　confounded　with　the　vocabulary　used　among　thieves；　which；
  however；　is　a　gross　error；　so　gross；　indeed；　that　it　is　almost
  impossible　to　conceive　the　manner　in　which　it　originated：　　the
  speech　of　the　Gypsies　being　a　genuine　language　of　Oriental　origin；
  and　the　former　little　more　than　a　phraseology　of　convenience；
  founded　upon　particular　European　tongues。　　It　will　be　sufficient
  here　to　remark；　that　the　Gypsies　do　not　understand　the　jargon　of
  the　thieves；　whilst　the　latter；　with　perhaps　a　few　exceptions；　are
  ignorant　of　the　language　of　the　former。　　Certain　words；　however；　of
  the　Rommany　have　found　admission　into　the　said　jargon；　which　may　be
  accounted　for　by　the　supposition　that　the　Gypsies；　being　themselves
  by　birth；　education；　and　profession；　thieves　of　the　first　water；
  have；　on　various　occasions；　formed　alliances　with　the　outlaws　of
  the　various　countries　in　which　they　are　at　present　to　be　found；
  which　association　may　have　produced　the　result　above　alluded　to；
  but　it　will　be　as　well　here　to　state；　that　in　no　country　of　Europe
  have　the　Gypsies　forsaken　or　forgotten　their　native　tongue；　and　in
  its　stead　adopted　the　'Germania；'　'Red　Italian；'　or　robber　jargon；
  although　in　some　they　preserve　their　native　language　in　a　state　of
  less　purity　than　in　others。　　We　are　induced　to　make　this　statement
  from　an　assertion　of　the　celebrated　Lorenzo　Hervas；　who；　in　the
  third　volume　of　his　CATALOGO　DE　LAS　LENGUAS；　trat。　3；　cap。　vi。；　p。
  311；　expresses　himself　to　the　following　effect：…　'The　proper
  language　of　the　Gitanos　neither　is　nor　can　be　found　amongst　those
  who　scattered　themselves　through　the　western　kingdoms　of　Europe；
  but　only　amongst　those　who　remained　in　the　eastern；　where　they　are
  still　to　be　found。　　The　former　were　notably　divided　and　disunited；
  receiving　into　their　body　a　great　number　of　European　outlaws；　on
  which　account　the　language　in　question　was　easily　adulterated　and
  soon　perished。　　In　Spain；　and　also　in　Italy；　the　Gitanos　have
  totally　forgotten　and　lost　their　native　language；　yet　still　wishing
  to　converse　with　each　other　in　a　language　unknown　to　the　Spaniards
  and　Italians；　they　have　invented　some　words；　and　have　transformed
  many　others　by　changing　the　signification　which　properly　belongs　to
  them　in　Spanish　and　Italian。'　　In　proof　of　which　assertion　he　then
  exhibits　a　small　number　of　words　of　the　'Red　Italian；'　or
  allegorical　tongue　of　the　thieves　of　Italy。
  It　is　much　to　be　lamented　that　a　man　like　Hervas；　so　learned；　of
  such　knowledge；　and　upon　the　whole　well…earned　celebrity；　should
  have　helped　to　propagate　three　such　flagrant　errors　as　are
  contained　in　the　passages　above　quoted：　　1st。　　That　the　Gypsy
  language；　within　a　very　short　period　after　the　arrival　of　those　who
  spoke　it　in　the　western　kingdoms　of　Europe；　became　corrupted；　and
  perished　by　the　admission　of　outlaws　into　the　Gypsy　fraternity。
  2ndly。　　That　the　Gypsies；　in　order　to　supply　the　loss　of　their
  native　tongue；　invented　some　words；　and　modified　others；　from　the
  Spanish　and　Italian。　　3rdly。　　That　the　Gypsies　of　the　present　day
  in　Spain　and　Italy　speak　the　allegorical　robber　dialect。
  Concerning　the　first　assertion；　namely；　that　the　Gypsies　of　the
  west　lost　their　language　shortly　after　their　arrival；　by　mixing
  with　the　outlaws　of　those　parts；　we　believe　that　its　erroneousness
  will　be　sufficiently　established　by　the　publication　of　the　present
  volume；　which　contains　a　dictionary　of　the　Spanish　Gitano；　which　we
  have　proved　to　be　the　same　language　in　most　points　as　that　spoken
  by　the　eastern　tribes。　　There　can　be　no　doubt　that　the　Gypsies　have
  at　various　times　formed　alliances　with　the　robbers　of　particular
  countries；　but　that　they　ever　received　them　in　considerable　numbers
  into　their　fraternity；　as　Hervas　has　stated；　so　as　to　become
  confounded　with　them；　the　evidence　of　our　eyesight　precludes　the
  possibility　of　believing。　　If　such　were　the　fact；　why　do　the
  Italian　and　Spanish　Gypsies　of　the　present　day　still　present
  themselves　as　a　distinct　race；　differing　from　the　other　inhabitants
  of　the　west　of　Europe　in　feature；　colour；　and　constitution？　　Why
  are　they；　in　whatever　situation　and　under　whatever　circumstances；
  to　be　distinguished；　like　Jews；　from　the　other　children　of　the
  Creator？　　But　it　is　scarcely　necessary　to　ask　such　a　question；　or
  indeed　to　state　that　the　Gypsies　of　Spain　and　Italy　have　kept
  themselves　as　much　apart　as；　or　at　least　have　as　little　mingled
  their　blood　with　the　Spaniards　and　Italians　as　their　brethren　in
  Hungaria　and　Transylvania　with　the　inhabitants　of　those　countries；
  on　which　account　they　still　strikingly　resemble　them　in　manners；
  customs；　and　appearance。　　The　most　extraordinary　assertion　of
  Hervas　is　perhaps　his　second；　namely；　that　the　Gypsies　have
  invented　particular　words　to　s