embedded　within　it；　whether　it　be　spoken　in　Spain　or　Germany；　in
  England　or　Italy；　from　which　circumstance　we　are　led　to　the
  conclusion；　that　these　people；　in　their　way　from　the　East；
  travelled　in　one　large　compact　body；　and　that　their　route　lay
  through　some　region　where　the　Sclavonian　language；　or　a　dialect
  thereof；　was　spoken。　　This　region　I　have　no　hesitation　in　asserting
  to　have　been　Bulgaria；　where　they　probably　tarried　for　a
  considerable　period；　as　nomad　herdsmen；　and　where　numbers　of　them
  are　still　to　be　found　at　the　present　day。　　Besides　the　many
  Sclavonian　words　in　the　Gypsy　tongue；　another　curious　feature
  attracts　the　attention　of　the　philologist　…　an　equal　or　still
  greater　quantity　of　terms　from　the　modern　Greek；　indeed；　we　have
  full　warranty　for　assuming　that　at　one　period　the　Spanish　section；
  if　not　the　rest　of　the　Gypsy　nation；　understood　the　Greek　language
  well；　and　that；　besides　their　own　Indian　dialect；　they　occasionally
  used　it　for　considerably　upwards　of　a　century　subsequent　to　their
  arrival；　as　amongst　the　Gitanos　there　were　individuals　to　whom　it
  was　intelligible　so　late　as　the　year　1540。
  Where　this　knowledge　was　obtained　it　is　difficult　to　say；　…　perhaps
  in　Bulgaria；　where　two…thirds　of　the　population　profess　the　Greek
  religion；　or　rather　in　Romania；　where　the　Romaic　is　generally
  understood；　that　they　DID　understand　the　Romaic　in　1540；　we　gather
  from　a　very　remarkable　work；　called　EL　ESTUDIOSO　CORTESANO；　written
  by　Lorenzo　Palmireno：　　this　learned　and　highly　extraordinary
  individual　was　by　birth　a　Valencian；　and　died　about　1580；　he　was
  professor　at　various　universities　…　of　rhetoric　at　Valencia；　of
  Greek　at　Zaragossa；　where　he　gave　lectures；　in　which　he　explained
  the　verses　of　Homer；　he　was　a　proficient　in　Greek；　ancient　and
  modern；　and　it　should　be　observed　that；　in　the　passage　which　we　are
  about　to　cite；　he　means　himself　by　the　learned　individual　who　held
  conversation　with　the　Gitanos。　（66）　　EL　ESTUDIOSO　CORTESANO　was
  reprinted　at　Alcala　in　1587；　from　which　edition　we　now　copy。
  'Who　are　the　Gitanos？　　I　answer；　these　vile　people　first　began　to
  show　themselves　in　Germany；　in　the　year　1417；　where　they　call　them
  Tartars　or　Gentiles；　in　Italy　they　are　termed　Ciani。　　They　pretend
  that　they　come　from　Lower　Egypt；　and　that　they　wander　about　as　a
  penance；　and　to　prove　this；　they　show　letters　from　the　king　of
  Poland。　　They　lie；　however；　for　they　do　not　lead　the　life　of
  penitents；　but　of　dogs　and　thieves。　　A　learned　person；　in　the　year
  1540；　prevailed　with　them；　by　dint　of　much　persuasion；　to　show　him
  the　king's　letter；　and　he　gathered　from　it　that　the　time　of　their
  penance　was　already　expired；　he　spoke　to　them　in　the　Egyptian
  tongue；　they　said；　however；　as　it　was　a　long　time　since　their
  departure　from　Egypt；　they　did　not　understand　it；　he　then　spoke　to
  them　in　the　vulgar　Greek；　such　as　is　used　at　present　in　the　Morea
  and　Archipelago；　SOME　UNDERSTOOD　IT；　others　did　not；　so　that　as　all
  did　not　understand　it；　we　may　conclude　that　the　language　which　they
  use　is　a　feigned　one；　（67）　got　up　by　thieves　for　the　purpose　of
  concealing　their　robberies；　like　the　jargon　of　blind　beggars。'
  Still　more　abundant；　however；　than　the　mixture　of　Greek；　still　more
  abundant　than　the　mixture　of　Sclavonian；　is　the　alloy　in　the　Gypsy
  language；　wherever　spoken；　of　modern　Persian　words；　which
  circumstance　will　compel　us　to　offer　a　few　remarks　on　the　share
  which　the　Persian　has　had　in　the　formation　of　the　dialects　of
  India；　as　at　present　spoken。
  The　modern　Persian；　as　has　been　already　observed；　is　a　daughter　of
  the　ancient　Zend；　and；　as　such；　is　entitled　to　claim　affinity　with
  the　Sanscrit；　and　its　dialects。　　With　this　language　none　in　the
  world　would　be　able　to　vie　in　simplicity　and　beauty；　had　not　the
  Persians；　in　adopting　the　religion　of　Mahomet；　unfortunately
  introduces　into　their　speech　an　infinity　of　words　of　the　rude
  coarse　language　used　by　the　barbaric　Arab　tribes；　the　immediate
  followers　of　the　warlike　Prophet。　　With　the　rise　of　Islam　the
  modern　Persian　was　doomed　to　be　carried　into　India。　　This　country；
  from　the　time　of　Alexander；　had　enjoyed　repose　from　external
  aggression；　had　been　ruled　by　its　native　princes；　and　been
  permitted　by　Providence　to　exercise；　without　control　or　reproof；
  the　degrading　superstitions；　and　the　unnatural　and　bloody　rites　of
  a　religion　at　the　formation　of　which　the　fiends　of　cruelty　and　lust
  seem　to　have　presided；　but　reckoning　was　now　about　to　be　demanded
  of　the　accursed　ministers　of　this　system　for　the　pain；　torture；　and
  misery　which　they　had　been　instrumental　in　inflicting　on　their
  countrymen　for　the　gratification　of　their　avarice；　filthy　passions；
  and　pride；　the　new　Mahometans　were　at　hand　…　Arab；　Persian；　and
  Afghan；　with　the　glittering　scimitar　upraised；　full　of　zeal　for　the
  glory　and　adoration　of　the　one　high　God；　and　the　relentless
  persecutors　of　the　idol…worshippers。　　Already；　in　the　four　hundred
  and　twenty…sixth　year　of　the　Hegeira；　we　read　of　the　destruction　of
  the　great　Butkhan；　or　image…house　of　Sumnaut；　by　the　armies　of　the
  far…conquering　Mahmoud；　when　the　dissevered　heads　of　the　Brahmans
  rolled　down　the　steps　of　the　gigantic　and　Babel…like　temple　of　the
  great　image　…
  ＇Text　which　cannot　be　reproduced　…　Arabic？＇
  （This　image　grim；　whose　name　was　Laut；
  Bold　Mahmoud　found　when　he　took　Sumnaut。）
  It　is　not　our　intention　to　follow　the　conquests　of　the　Mahometans
  from　the　days　of　Walid　and　Mahmoud　to　those　of　Timour　and　Nadir；
  sufficient　to　observe；　that　the　greatest　part　of　India　was　subdued；
  new　monarchies　established；　and　the　old　religion；　though　far　too
  powerful　and　widely　spread　to　be　extirpated；　was　to　a　considerable
  extent　abashed　and　humbled　before　the　bright　rising　sun　of　Islam。
  The　Persian　language；　which　the　conquerors　（68）　of　whatever
  denomination　introduced　with　them　to　Hindustan；　and　which　their
  descendants　at　the　present　day　still　retain；　though　not　lords　of
  the　ascendant；　speedily　became　widely　extended　in　these　regions；
  where　it　had　previously　been　unknown。　　As　the　language　of　the
  court；　it　was　of　course　studied　and　acquired　by　all　those　natives
  whose　wealth；　rank；　and　influence　necessarily　brought　them　into
  connection　with　the　ruling　powers；　and　as　the　language　of　the　camp；
  it　was　carried　into　every　part　of　the　country　where　the　duties　of
  the　soldiery　sooner　or　later　conducted　them；　the　result　of　which
  relations　between　the　conquerors　and　conquered　was　the　adoption
  into　the　popular　dialects　of　India　of　an　infinity　of　modern　Persian
  words；　not　merely　those　of　science；　such　as　it　exists　in　the　East；
  and　of　luxury　and　refinement；　but　even　those　which　serve　to　express
  many　of　the　most　common　objects；　necessities；　and　ideas；　so　that　at
  the　present　day　a　knowledge　of　the　Persian　is　essential　for　the
  thorough　understanding　of　the　principal　dialects　of　Hindustan；　on
  which　account；　as　well　as　for　the　assistance　which　it　affords　in
  communication　with　the　Mahometans；　it　is　cultivated　with　peculiar
  care　by　the　present　possessors　of　the　land。
  No　surprise；　therefore；　can　be　entertained　that　the　speech　of　the
  Gitanos　in　general；　who；　in　all　probability；　departed　from
  Hindustan　long　subsequent　to　the　first　Mahometan　invasions；
  abounds；　like　other　Indian　dialects；　with　words　either　purely
  Persian；　or　slightly　modified　to　accommodate　them　to　the　genius　of
  the　language。　　Whether　the　Rommany　originally　constituted　part　of
  the　natives　of　Multan　or　Guzerat；　and　abandoned　their　native　land
  to　escape　from　the　torch　and　sword　of　Tamerlane　and　his　Mongols；　as
  Grellmann　and　others　have　supposed；　or　whether；　as　is　much　more
  probable；　they　were　a　thievish　caste；　like　some　others　still　to　be
  found　in　Hindustan；　who　fled　westward；　either　from　the　vengeance　of
  justice；　or　in　pursuit　of　plunder；　their　speaking　Persian　is　alike
  satisfactorily　accounted　for。　　With　the　view　of　exhibiting　how
  closely　their　language　is　connected　with　the　Sanscrit　and　Persian；
  we　subjoin　the　first　ten　numerals　in　the　three　tongues；　those　of
  the　Gypsy　according　to　the　Hungarian　dialect。　（69）
  Gypsy。　　　　　Persian。　　　　Sanscrit。　（70）
  1　　Jek　　　　　　　　Ek　　　　　　　　　　Ega
  2　　Dui　　　　　　　　Du　　　　　　　　　　Dvaya
  3　　Trin　　　　　　　Se　　　　　　　　　　Treya
  4　　Schtar　　　　　Chehar　　　　　　Tschatvar
  5　　Pansch　　　　　Pansch　　　　　　Pantscha
  6　　Tschov　　　　　Schesche　　　　Schasda
  7　　Efta　　　　　　　Heft　　　　　　　　Sapta
  8　　Ochto　　　　　　Hescht　　　　　　Aschta
  9　　Enija　　　　　　Nu　　　　　　　　　　Nava
  10　Dosch　　　　　　De　　　　　　　　　　Dascha
  It　would　be　easy　for　us　to