on　society；　and　in　a　manner　highly　creditable　to　the　spirit　of
  modern　times；　reform　has　been　accomplished；　not　by　persecution；　not
  by　the　gibbet　and　the　rack；　but　by　justice　and　tolerance。　　The
  traveller　has　flung　aside　his　cloak；　not　compelled　by　the　angry
  buffeting　of　the　north　wind；　but　because　the　mild；　benignant
  weather　makes　such　a　defence　no　longer　necessary。　　The　law　no
  longer　compels　the　Gitanos　to　stand　back　to　back；　on　the　principal
  of　mutual　defence；　and　to　cling　to　Gitanismo　to　escape　from
  servitude　and　thraldom。
  Taking　everything　into　consideration；　and　viewing　the　subject　in
  all　its　bearings　with　an　impartial　glance；　we　are　compelled　to　come
  to　the　conclusion　that　the　law　of　Carlos　Tercero；　the　provisions　of
  which　were　distinguished　by　justice　and　clemency；　has　been　the
  principal　if　not　the　only　cause　of　the　decline　of　Gitanismo　in
  Spain。　　Some　importance　ought　to　be　attached　to　the　opinion　of　the
  Gitanos　themselves　on　this　point。　　'El　Crallis　ha　nicobado　la　liri
  de　los　Cales；'　is　a　proverbial　saying　among　them。　　By　Crallis；　or
  King；　they　mean　Carlos　Tercero；　so　that　the　saying；　the　proverbial
  saying；　may　be　thus　translated：　　THE　LAW　OF　CARLOS　TERCERO　HAS
  SUPERSEDED　GYPSY　LAW。
  By　the　law　the　schools　are　open　to　them；　and　there　is　no　art　or
  science　which　they　may　not　pursue；　if　they　are　willing。　　Have　they
  availed　themselves　of　the　rights　which　the　law　has　conferred　upon
  them？
  Up　to　the　present　period　but　little　…　they　still　continue　jockeys
  and　blacksmiths；　but　some　of　these　Gypsy　chalans；　these　bronzed
  smiths；　these　wild…looking　esquiladors；　can　read　or　write　in　the
  proportion　of　one　man　in　three　or　four；　what　more　can　be　expected？
  Would　you　have　the　Gypsy　bantling；　born　in　filth　and　misery；　'midst
  mules　and　borricos；　amidst　the　mud　of　a　choza　or　the　sand　of　a
  barranco；　grasp　with　its　swarthy　hands　the　crayon　and　easel；　the
  compass；　or　the　microscope；　or　the　tube　which　renders　more　distinct
  the　heavenly　orbs；　and　essay　to　become　a　Murillo；　or　a　Feijoo；　or　a
  Lorenzo　de　Hervas；　as　soon　as　the　legal　disabilities　are　removed
  which　doomed　him　to　be　a　thievish　jockey　or　a　sullen　husbandman？
  Much　will　have　been　accomplished；　if；　after　the　lapse　of　a　hundred
  years；　one　hundred　human　beings　shall　have　been　evolved　from　the
  Gypsy　stock；　who　shall　prove　sober；　honest；　and　useful　members　of
  society；　…　that　stock　so　degraded；　so　inveterate　in　wickedness　and
  evil　customs；　and　so　hardened　by　brutalising　laws。　　Should　so　many
  beings；　should　so　many　souls　be　rescued　from　temporal　misery　and
  eternal　woe；　should　only　the　half　of　that　number；　should　only　the
  tenth；　nay；　should　only　one　poor　wretched　sheep　be　saved；　there
  will　be　joy　in　heaven；　for　much　will　have　been　accomplished　on
  earth；　and　those　lines　will　have　been　in　part　falsified　which
  filled　the　stout　heart　of　Mahmoud　with　dismay：…
  'For　the　root　that's　unclean；　hope　if　you　can；
  No　washing　e'er　whitens　the　black　Zigan：
  The　tree　that's　bitter　by　birth　and　race；
  If　in　paradise　garden　to　grow　you　place；
  And　water　it　free　with　nectar　and　wine；
  From　streams　in　paradise　meads　that　shine；
  At　the　end　its　nature　it　still　declares；
  For　bitter　is　all　the　fruit　it　bears。
  If　the　egg　of　the　raven　of　noxious　breed
  You　place　'neath　the　paradise　bird；　and　feed
  The　splendid　fowl　upon　its　nest；
  With　immortal　figs；　the　food　of　the　blest；
  And　give　it　to　drink　from　Silisbel；　（46）
  Whilst　life　in　the　egg　breathes　Gabriel；
  A　raven；　a　raven；　the　egg　shall　bear；
  And　the　fostering　bird　shall　waste　its　care。'　…
  FERDOUSI。
  The　principal　evidence　which　the　Gitanos　have　hitherto　given　that　a
  partial　reformation　has　been　effected　in　their　habits；　is　the
  relinquishment；　in　a　great　degree；　of　that　wandering　life　of　which
  the　ancient　laws　were　continually　complaining；　and　which　was　the
  cause　of　infinite　evils；　and　tended　not　a　little　to　make　the　roads
  insecure。
  Doubtless　there　are　those　who　will　find　some　difficulty　in
  believing　that　the　mild　and　conciliatory　clauses　of　the　law　in
  question　could　have　much　effect　in　weaning　the　Gitanos　from　this
  inveterate　habit；　and　will　be　more　disposed　to　think　that　this
  relinquishment　was　effected　by　energetic　measures　resorted　to　by
  the　government；　to　compel　them　to　remain　in　their　places　of
  location。　　It　does　not　appear；　however；　that　such　measures　were
  ever　resorted　to。　　Energy；　indeed；　in　the　removal　of　a　nuisance；　is
  scarcely　to　be　expected　from　Spaniards　under　any　circumstances。
  All　we　can　say　on　the　subject；　with　certainty；　is；　that　since　the
  repeal　of　the　tyrannical　laws；　wandering　has　considerably　decreased
  among　the　Gitanos。
  Since　the　law　has　ceased　to　brand　them；　they　have　come　nearer　to
  the　common　standard　of　humanity；　and　their　general　condition　has
  been　ameliorated。　　At　present；　only　the　very　poorest；　the　parias　of
  the　race；　are　to　be　found　wandering　about　the　heaths　and　mountains；
  and　this　only　in　the　summer　time；　and　their　principal　motive；
  according　to　their　own　confession；　is　to　avoid　the　expense　of　house
  rent；　the　rest　remain　at　home；　following　their　avocations；　unless
  some　immediate　prospect　of　gain；　lawful　or　unlawful；　calls　them
  forth；　and　such　is　frequently　the　case。　　They　attend　most　fairs；
  women　and　men；　and　on　the　way　frequently　bivouac　in　the　fields；　but
  this　practice　must　not　be　confounded　with　systematic　wandering。
  Gitanismo；　therefore；　has　not　been　extinguished；　only　modified；　but
  that　modification　has　been　effected　within　the　memory　of　man；
  whilst　previously　near　four　centuries　elapsed；　during　which　no
  reform　had　been　produced　amongst　them　by　the　various　measures
  devised；　all　of　which　were　distinguished　by　an　absence　not　only　of
  true　policy；　but　of　common…sense；　it　is　therefore　to　be　hoped；　that
  if　the　Gitanos　are　abandoned　to　themselves；　by　which　we　mean　no
  arbitrary　laws　are　again　enacted　for　their　extinction；　the　sect
  will　eventually　cease　to　be；　and　its　members　become　confounded　with
  the　residue　of　the　population；　for　certainly　no　Christian　nor
  merely　philanthropic　heart　can　desire　the　continuance　of　any　sect
  or　association　of　people　whose　fundamental　principle　seems　to　be　to
  hate　all　the　rest　of　mankind；　and　to　live　by　deceiving　them；　and
  such　is　the　practice　of　the　Gitanos。
  During　the　last　five　years；　owing　to　the　civil　wars；　the　ties　which
  unite　society　have　been　considerably　relaxed；　the　law　has　been
  trampled　under　foot；　and　the　greatest　part　of　Spain　overrun　with
  robbers　and　miscreants；　who；　under　pretence　of　carrying　on　partisan
  warfare；　and　not　unfrequently　under　no　pretence　at　all；　have
  committed　the　most　frightful　excesses；　plundering　and　murdering　the
  defenceless。　　Such　a　state　of　things　would　have　afforded　the
  Gitanos　a　favourable　opportunity　to　resume　their　former　kind　of
  life；　and　to　levy　contributions　as　formerly；　wandering　about　in
  bands。　　Certain　it　is；　however；　that　they　have　not　sought　to　repeat
  their　ancient　excesses；　taking　advantage　of　the　troubles　of　the
  country；　they　have　gone　on；　with　a　few　exceptions；　quietly　pursuing
  that　part　of　their　system　to　which　they　still　cling；　their
  jockeyism；　which；　though　based　on　fraud　and　robbery；　is　far
  preferable　to　wandering　brigandage；　which　necessarily　involves　the
  frequent　shedding　of　blood。　　Can　better　proof　be　adduced；　that
  Gitanismo　owes　its　decline；　in　Spain；　not　to　force；　not　to
  persecution；　not　to　any　want　of　opportunity　of　exercising　it；　but
  to　some　other　cause？　…　and　we　repeat　that　we　consider　the　principal
  if　not　the　only　cause　of　the　decline　of　Gitanismo　to　be　the
  conferring　on　the　Gitanos　the　rights　and　privileges　of　other
  subjects。
  We　have　said　that　the　Gitanos　have　not　much　availed　themselves　of
  the　permission；　which　the　law　grants　them；　of　embarking　in　various
  spheres　of　life。　　They　remain　jockeys；　but　they　have　ceased　to　be
  wanderers；　and　the　grand　object　of　the　law　is　accomplished。　　The
  law　forbids　them　to　be　jockeys；　or　to　follow　the　trade　of　trimming
  and　shearing　animals；　without　some　other　visible　mode　of
  subsistence。　　This　provision；　except　in　a　few　isolated　instances；
  they　evade；　and　the　law　seeks　not；　and　perhaps　wisely；　to　disturb
  them；　content　with　having　achieved　so　much。　　The　chief　evils　of
  Gitanismo　which　still　remain　consist　in　the　systematic　frauds　of
  the　Gypsy　jockeys　and　the　tricks　of　the　women。　　It　is　incurring
  considerable　risk　to　purchase　a　horse　or　a　mule；　even　from　the　most
  respectable　Gitano；　without　a　previous　knowledge　of　the　animal　and
  his　former　possessor；　the　ch