In　this　edict；　a　class　of　individuals　is　mentioned　in　conjunction
  with　the　Gitanos；　or　Gypsies；　but　distinguished　from　them　by　the
  name　of　foreign　tinkers；　or　Calderos　estrangeros。　　By　these；　we
  presume；　were　meant　the　Calabrians；　who　are　still　to　be　seen　upon
  the　roads　of　Spain；　wandering　about　from　town　to　town；　in　much　the
  same　way　as　the　itinerant　tinkers　of　England　at　the　present　day。　　A
  man；　half　a　savage；　a　haggard　woman；　who　is　generally　a　Spaniard；　a
  wretched　child；　and　still　more　miserable　donkey；　compose　the　group；
  the　gains　are　of　course　exceedingly　scanty；　nevertheless　this　life；
  seemingly　so　wretched；　has　its　charms　for　these　outcasts；　who　live
  without　care　and　anxiety；　without　a　thought　beyond　the　present
  hour；　and　who　sleep　as　sound　in　ruined　posadas　and　ventas；　or　in
  ravines　amongst　rocks　and　pines；　as　the　proudest　grandee　in　his
  palace　at　Seville　or　Madrid。
  Don　Carlos　and　Donna　Juanna；　at　Toledo；　1539；　confirmed　the　edict
  of　Medina　del　Campo　against　the　Egyptians；　with　the　addition；　that
  if　any　Egyptian；　after　the　expiration　of　the　sixty　days；　should　be
  found　wandering　about；　he　should　be　sent　to　the　galleys　for　six
  years；　if　above　the　age　of　twenty　and　under　that　of　fifty；　and　if
  under　or　above　those　years；　punished　as　the　preceding　law　provides。
  Philip　the　Second；　at　Madrid；　1586；　after　commanding　that　all　the
  laws　and　edicts　be　observed；　by　which　the　Gypsies　are　forbidden　to
  wander　about；　and　commanded　to　establish　themselves；　ordains；　with
  the　view　of　restraining　their　thievish　and　cheating　practices；　that
  none　of　them　be　permitted　to　sell　anything；　either　within　or
  without　fairs　or　markets；　if　not　provided　with　a　testimony　signed
  by　the　notary　public；　to　prove　that　they　have　a　settled　residence；
  and　where　it　may　be；　which　testimony　must　also　specify　and　describe
  the　horses；　cattle；　linen；　and　other　things；　which　they　carry　forth
  for　sale；　otherwise　they　are　to　be　punished　as　thieves；　and　what
  they　attempt　to　sell　considered　as　stolen　property。
  Philip　the　Third；　at　Belem；　in　Portugal；　1619；　commands　all　the
  Gypsies　of　the　kingdom　to　quit　the　same　within　the　term　of　six
  months；　and　never　to　return；　under　pain　of　death；　those　who　should
  wish　to　remain　are　to　establish　themselves　in　cities；　towns；　and
  villages；　of　one　thousand　families　and　upwards；　and　are　not　to　be
  allowed　the　use　of　the　dress；　name；　and　language　of　Gypsies；　IN
  ORDER　THAT；　FORASMUCH　AS　THEY　ARE　NOT　SUCH　BY　NATION；　THIS　NAME　AND
  MANNER　OF　LIFE　MAY　BE　FOR　EVERMORE　CONFOUNDED　AND　FORGOTTEN。　　They
  are　moreover　forbidden；　under　the　same　penalty；　to　have　anything　to
  do　with　the　buying　or　selling　of　cattle；　whether　great　or　small。
  The　most　curious　portion　of　the　above　law　is　the　passage　in　which
  these　people　are　declared　not　to　be　Gypsies　by　nation。　　If　they　are
  not　Gypsies；　who　are　they　then？　　Spaniards？　　If　so；　what　right　had
  the　King　of　Spain　to　send　the　refuse　of　his　subjects　abroad；　to
  corrupt　other　lands；　over　which　he　had　no　jurisdiction？
  The　Moors　were　sent　back　to　Africa；　under　some　colour　of　justice；
  as　they　came　originally　from　that　part　of　the　world；　but　what　would
  have　been　said　to　such　a　measure；　if　the　edict　which　banished　them
  had　declared　that　they　were　not　Moors；　but　Spaniards？
  The　law；　moreover；　in　stating　that　they　are　not　Gypsies　by　nation；
  seems　to　have　forgotten　that　in　that　case　it　would　be　impossible　to
  distinguish　them　from　other　Spaniards；　so　soon　as　they　should　have
  dropped　the　name；　language；　and　dress　of　Gypsies。　　How；　provided
  they　were　like　other　Spaniards；　and　did　not　carry　the　mark　of
  another　nation　on　their　countenances；　could　it　be　known　whether　or
  not　they　obeyed　the　law；　which　commanded　them　to　live　only　in
  populous　towns　or　villages；　or　how　could　they　be　detected　in　the
  buying　or　selling　of　cattle；　which　the　law　forbids　them　under　pain
  of　death？
  The　attempt　to　abolish　the　Gypsy　name　and　manner　of　life　might　have
  been　made　without　the　assertion　of　a　palpable　absurdity。
  Philip　the　Fourth；　May　8；　1633；　after　reference　to　the　evil　lives
  and　want　of　religion　of　the　Gypsies；　and　the　complaints　made
  against　them　by　prelates　and　others；　declares　'that　the　laws
  hitherto　adopted　since　the　year　1499；　have　been　inefficient　to
  restrain　their　excesses；　that　they　are　not　Gypsies　by　origin　or
  nature；　but　have　adopted　this　form　of　life'；　and　then；　after
  forbidding　them；　according　to　custom；　the　dress　and　language　of
  Gypsies；　under　the　usual　severe　penalties；　he　ordains：…
  '1st。　　That　under　the　same　penalties；　the　aforesaid　people　shall；
  within　two　months；　leave　the　quarters　（barrios）　where　they　now　live
  with　the　denomination　of　Gitanos；　and　that　they　shall　separate　from
  each　other；　and　mingle　with　the　other　inhabitants；　and　that　they
  shall　hold　no　more　meetings；　neither　in　public　nor　in　secret；　that
  the　ministers　of　justice　are　to　observe；　with　particular　diligence；
  how　they　fulfil　these　commands；　and　whether　they　hold　communication
  with　each　other；　or　marry　amongst　themselves；　and　how　they　fulfil
  the　obligations　of　Christians　by　assisting　at　sacred　worship　in　the
  churches；　upon　which　latter　point　they　are　to　procure　information
  with　all　possible　secrecy　from　the　curates　and　clergy　of　the
  parishes　where　the　Gitanos　reside。
  '2ndly。　　And　in　order　to　extirpate；　in　every　way；　the　name　of
  Gitanos；　we　ordain　that　they　be　not　called　so；　and　that　no　one
  venture　to　call　them　so；　and　that　such　shall　be　esteemed　a　very
  heavy　injury；　and　shall　be　punished　as　such；　if　proved；　and　that
  nought　pertaining　to　the　Gypsies；　their　name；　dress；　or　actions；　be
  represented；　either　in　dances　or　in　any　other　performance；　under
  the　penalty　of　two　years'　banishment；　and　a　mulct　of　fifty　thousand
  maravedis　to　whomsoever　shall　offend　for　the　first　time；　and　double
  punishment　for　the　second。'
  The　above　two　articles　seem　to　have　in　view　the　suppression　and
  breaking　up　of　the　Gypsy　colonies　established　in　the　large　towns；
  more　especially　the　suburbs；　farther　on；　mention　is　made　of　the
  wandering　bands。
  '4thly。　　And　forasmuch　as　we　have　understood　that　numerous　Gitanos
  rove　in　bands　through　various　parts　of　the　kingdom；　committing
  robberies　in　uninhabited　places；　and　even　invading　some　small
  villages；　to　the　great　terror　and　danger　of　the　inhabitants；　we
  give　by　this　our　law　a　general　commission　to　all　ministers　of
  justice；　whether　appertaining　to　royal　domains；　lordships；　or
  abbatial　territories；　that　every　one　may；　in　his　district；　proceed
  to　the　imprisonment　and　chastisement　of　the　delinquents；　and　may
  pass　beyond　his　own　jurisdiction　in　pursuit　of　them；　and　we　also
  command　all　the　ministers　of　justice　aforesaid；　that　on　receiving
  information　that　Gitanos　or　highwaymen　are　prowling　in　their
  districts；　they　do　assemble　at　an　appointed　day；　and　with　the
  necessary　preparation　of　men　and　arms　they　do　hunt　down；　take；　and
  deliver　them　under　a　good　guard　to　the　nearest　officer　holding　the
  royal　commission。'
  Carlos　the　Second　followed　in　the　footsteps　of　his　predecessors；
  with　respect　to　the　Gitanos。　　By　a　law　of　the　20th　of　November
  1692；　he　inhibits　the　Gitanos　from　living　in　towns　of　less　than　one
  thousand　heads　of　families　（vecinos）；　and　pursuing　any　trade　or
  employment；　save　the　cultivation　of　the　ground；　from　going　in　the
  dress　of　Gypsies；　or　speaking　the　language　or　gibberish　which　they
  use；　from　living　apart　in　any　particular　quarter　of　the　town；　from
  visiting　fairs　with　cattle；　great　or　small；　or　even　selling　or
  exchanging　such　at　any　time；　unless　with　the　testimonial　of　the
  public　notary；　that　they　were　bred　within　their　own　houses。　　By
  this　law　they　are　also　forbidden　to　have　firearms　in　their
  possession。
  So　far　from　being　abashed　by　this　law；　or　the　preceding　one；　the
  Gitanos　seem　to　have　increased　in　excesses　of　every　kind。　　Only
  three　years　after　（12th　June　1695）；　the　same　monarch　deemed　it
  necessary　to　publish　a　new　law　for　their　persecution　and
  chastisement。　　This　law；　which　is　exceedingly　severe；　consists　of
  twenty…nine　articles。　　By　the　fourth　they　are　forbidden　any　other
  exercise　or　manner　of　life　than　that　of　the　cultivation　of　the
  fields；　in　which　their　wives　and　children；　if　of　competent　age；　are
  to　assist　them。
  Of　every　other　office；　employment；　or　commerce；　they　are　declared
  incapable；　and　especially　of　being　BLACKSMITHS。
  By　the　fifth；　they　are　forbidden　to　keep　horses　or　mares；　either
  within　or　without　their　houses；　or　to　make　use　of　them　in　any　way
  whatever；　under　the　penalt