Egypt；　drove　all　the　vagrants　from　his　kingdom；　forbidding　them　to
  return　under　pain　of　death。　　The　Soldan　of　Egypt　expelled　the
  Torlaquis。　　The　Moors　did　the　same；　and　Bajazet　cast　them　out　of
  all　the　Ottoman　empire；　according　to　Leo　Clavius。
  'In　the　second　place；　the　Christian　princes　have　deemed　it　an
  important　measure　of　state。
  'The　emperor　our　Lord；　in　the　German　Diets　of　the　year　1548；
  expelled　the　Gitanos　from　all　his　empire；　and　these　were　the　words
  of　the　decree：　　〃Zigeuner　quos　compertum　est　proditores　esse；　et
  exploratores　hostium　nusquam　in　imperio　locum　inveniunto。　　In
  deprehensos　vis　et　injuria　sine　fraude　esto。　　Fides　publica
  Zigeuners　ne　dator；　nec　data　servator。〃
  'The　King　of　France；　Francis；　expelled　them　from　thence；　and　the
  Duke　of　Terranova；　when　Governor　of　Milan　for　our　lord　the　king；
  obliged　them　to　depart　from　that　territory　under　pain　of　death。
  'Thirdly；　there　is　one　grand　reason　which　ought　to　be　conclusive　in
  moving　him　who　so　much　values　himself　in　being　a　faithful　son　of
  the　church；　…　I　mean　the　example　which　Pope　Pius　the　Fifth　gave　to
  all　the　princes；　for　he　drove　the　Gitanos　from　all　his　domains；　and
  in　the　year　1568；　he　expelled　the　Jews；　assigning　as　reasons　for
  their　expulsion　those　which　are　more　closely　applicable　to　the
  Gitanos；　…　namely；　that　they　sucked　the　vitals　of　the　state；
  without　being　of　any　utility　whatever；　that　they　were　thieves
  themselves；　and　harbourers　of　others；　that　they　were　wizards；
  diviners；　and　wretches　who　induced　people　to　believe　that　they　knew
  the　future；　which　is　what　the　Gitanos　at　present　do　by　telling
  fortunes。
  'Your　Majesty　has　already　freed　us　from　greater　and　more　dangerous
  enemies；　finish；　therefore；　the　enterprise　begun；　whence　will
  result　universal　joy　and　security；　and　by　which　your　Majesty　will
  earn　immortal　honour。　　Amen。
  'O　Regum　summe；　horum　plura　ne　temnas　（absit）　ne　forte　tempsisse
  Hispaniae　periculosum　existat。'
  CHAPTER　XI
  PERHAPS　there　is　no　country　in　which　more　laws　have　been　framed；
  having　in　view　the　extinction　and　suppression　of　the　Gypsy　name；
  race；　and　manner　of　life；　than　Spain。　　Every　monarch；　during　a
  period　of　three　hundred　years；　appears　at　his　accession　to　the
  throne　to　have　considered　that　one　of　his　first　and　most　imperative
  duties　consisted　in　suppressing　or　checking　the　robberies；　frauds；
  and　other　enormities　of　the　Gitanos；　with　which　the　whole　country
  seems　to　have　resounded　since　the　time　of　their　first　appearance。
  They　have；　by　royal　edicts；　been　repeatedly　banished　from　Spain；
  under　terrible　penalties；　unless　they　renounced　their　inveterate
  habits；　and　for　the　purpose　of　eventually　confounding　them　with　the
  residue　of　the　population；　they　have　been　forbidden；　even　when
  stationary；　to　reside　together；　every　family　being　enjoined　to　live
  apart；　and　neither　to　seek　nor　to　hold　communication　with　others　of
  the　race。
  We　shall　say　nothing　at　present　as　to　the　wisdom　which　dictated
  these　provisions；　nor　whether　others　might　not　have　been　devised；
  better　calculated　to　produce　the　end　desired。　　Certain　it　is；　that
  the　laws　were　never；　or　very　imperfectly；　put　in　force；　and　for
  reasons　with　which　their　expediency　or　equity　（which　no　one　at　the
  time　impugned）　had　no　connection　whatever。
  It　is　true　that；　in　a　country　like　Spain；　abounding　in　wildernesses
  and　almost　inaccessible　mountains；　the　task　of　hunting　down　and
  exterminating　or　banishing　the　roving　bands　would　have　been　found
  one　of　no　slight　difficulty；　even　if　such　had　ever　been　attempted；
  but　it　must　be　remembered；　that　from　an　early　period　colonies　of
  Gitanos　have　existed　in　the　principal　towns　of　Spain；　where　the　men
  have　plied　the　trades　of　jockeys　and　blacksmiths；　and　the　women
  subsisted　by　divination；　and　all　kinds　of　fraud。　　These　colonies
  were；　of　course；　always　within　the　reach　of　the　hand　of　justice；
  yet　it　does　not　appear　that　they　were　more　interfered　with　than　the
  roving　and　independent　bands；　and　that　any　serious　attempts　were
  made　to　break　them　up；　though　notorious　as　nurseries　and　refuges　of
  crime。
  It　is　a　lamentable　fact；　that　pure　and　uncorrupt　justice　has　never
  existed　in　Spain；　as　far　at　least　as　record　will　allow　us　to　judge；
  not　that　the　principles　of　justice　have　been　less　understood　there
  than　in　other　countries；　but　because　the　entire　system　of
  justiciary　administration　has　ever　been　shamelessly　profligate　and
  vile。
  Spanish　justice　has　invariably　been　a　mockery；　a　thing　to　be　bought
  and　sold；　terrible　only　to　the　feeble　and　innocent；　and　an
  instrument　of　cruelty　and　avarice。
  The　tremendous　satires　of　Le　Sage　upon　Spanish　corregidors　and
  alguazils　are　true；　even　at　the　present　day；　and　the　most　notorious
  offenders　can　generally　escape；　if　able　to　administer　sufficient
  bribes　to　the　ministers　（40）　of　what　is　misnamed　justice。
  The　reader；　whilst　perusing　the　following　extracts　from　the　laws
  framed　against　the　Gitanos；　will　be　filled　with　wonder　that　the
  Gypsy　sect　still　exists　in　Spain；　contrary　to　the　declared　will　of
  the　sovereign　and　the　nation；　so　often　repeated　during　a　period　of
  three　hundred　years；　yet　such　is　the　fact；　and　it　can　only　be
  accounted　for　on　the　ground　of　corruption。
  It　was　notorious　that　the　Gitanos　had　powerful　friends　and
  favourers　in　every　district；　who　sanctioned　and　encouraged　them　in
  their　Gypsy　practices。　　These　their　fautors　were　of　all　ranks　and
  grades；　from　the　corregidor　of　noble　blood　to　the　low　and　obscure
  escribano；　and　from　the　viceroy　of　the　province　to　the　archer　of
  the　Hermandad。
  To　the　high　and　noble；　they　were　known　as　Chalanes；　and　to　the
  plebeian　functionaries；　as　people　who；　notwithstanding　their
  general　poverty；　could　pay　for　protection。
  A　law　was　even　enacted　against　these　protectors　of　the　Gitanos；
  which　of　course　failed；　as　the　execution　of　the　law　was　confided　to
  the　very　delinquents　against　whom　it　was　directed。　　Thus；　the
  Gitano　bought；　sold；　and　exchanged　animals　openly；　though　he
  subjected　himself　to　the　penalty　of　death　by　so　doing；　or　left　his
  habitation　when　he　thought　fit；　though　such　an　act；　by　the　law　of
  the　land；　was　punishable　with　the　galleys。
  In　one　of　their　songs　they　have　commemorated　the　impunity　with
  which　they　wandered　about。　　The　escribano；　to　whom　the　Gitanos　of
  the　neighbourhood　pay　contribution；　on　a　strange　Gypsy　being
  brought　before　him；　instantly　orders　him　to　be　liberated；　assigning
  as　a　reason　that　he　is　no　Gitano；　but　a　legitimate　Spaniard：…
  'I　left　my　house；　and　walked　about
  They　seized　me　fast；　and　bound：
  It　is　a　Gypsy　thief；　they　shout；
  The　Spaniards　here　have　found。
  'From　out　the　prison　me　they　led；
  Before　the　scribe　they　brought；
  It　is　no　Gypsy　thief；　he　said；
  The　Spaniards　here　have　caught。'
  In　a　word；　nothing　was　to　be　gained　by　interfering　with　the
  Gitanos；　by　those　in　whose　hands　the　power　was　vested；　but；　on　the
  contrary；　something　was　to　be　lost。　　The　chief　sufferers　were　the
  labourers；　and　they　had　no　power　to　right　themselves；　though　their
  wrongs　were　universally　admitted；　and　laws　for　their　protection
  continually　being　made；　which　their　enemies　contrived　to　set　at
  nought；　as　will　presently　be　seen。
  The　first　law　issued　against　the　Gypsies　appears　to　have　been　that
  of　Ferdinand　and　Isabella；　at　Medina　del　Campo；　in　1499。　　In　this
  edict　they　were　commanded；　under　certain　penalties；　to　become
  stationary　in　towns　and　villages；　and　to　provide　themselves　with
  masters　whom　they　might　serve　for　their　maintenance；　or　in　default
  thereof；　to　quit　the　kingdom　at　the　end　of　sixty　days。　　No　mention
  is　made　of　the　country　to　which　they　were　expected　to　betake
  themselves　in　the　event　of　their　quitting　Spain。　　Perhaps；　as　they
  are　called　Egyptians；　it　was　concluded　that　they　would　forthwith
  return　to　Egypt；　but　the　framers　of　the　law　never　seem　to　have
  considered　what　means　these　Egyptians　possessed　of　transporting
  their　families　and　themselves　across　the　sea　to　such　a　distance；　or
  if　they　betook　themselves　to　other　countries；　what　reception　a　host
  of　people；　confessedly　thieves　and　vagabonds；　were　likely　to　meet
  with；　or　whether　it　was　fair　in　the　TWO　CHRISTIAN　PRINCES　to　get
  rid　of　such　a　nuisance　at　the　expense　of　their　neighbours。　　Such
  matters　were　of　course　left　for　the　Gypsies　themselves　to　settle。
  In　this　edict；　a　class　of　individuals　is　mentioned　in　conjunction
  with　the　Gitanos；　or　Gypsies；　but　distinguis