第 13 节
作者:
老山文学 更新:2024-01-16 22:40 字数:8973
。 It doth not readily occur what I can answer you。
。 But; methinks you should be ready to own the truth;
when it has been fairly proved to you。 We indeed; who are beings
of finite powers; are forced to make use of instruments。 And the
use of an instrument sheweth the agent to be limited by rules of
another's prescription; and that he cannot obtain his end but in
such a way; and by such conditions。 Whence it seems a clear
consequence; that the supreme unlimited agent useth no tool or
instrument at all。 The will of an Omnipotent Spirit is no sooner
exerted than executed; without the application of means; which;
if they are employed by inferior agents; it is not upon account
of any real efficacy that is in them; or necessary aptitude to
produce any effect; but merely in compliance with the laws of
nature; or those conditions prescribed to them by the First
Cause; who is Himself above all limitation or prescription
whatsoever。
。 I will no longer maintain that Matter is an
instrument。 However; I would not be understood to give up its
existence neither; since; notwithstanding what hath been said; it
may still be an 。
。 How many shapes is your Matter to take? Or; how
often must it be proved not to exist; before you are content to
part with it? But; to say no more of this (though by all the laws
of disputation I may justly blame you for so frequently changing
the signification of the principal term) I would fain know
what you mean by affirming that matter is an occasion; having
already denied it to be a cause。 And; when you have shewn in what
sense you understand ; pray; in the next place; be
pleased to shew me what reason induceth you to believe there is
such an occasion of our ideas?
。 As to the first point: by I mean an
inactive {220} unthinking being; at the presence whereof God
excites ideas in our minds。
。 And what may be the nature of that inactive
unthinking being?
。 I know nothing of its nature。
。 Proceed then to the second point; and assign some
reason why we should allow an existence to this inactive;
unthinking; unknown thing。
。 When we see ideas produced in our minds; after an
orderly and constant manner; it is natural to think they have
some fixed and regular occasions; at the presence of which they
are excited。
。 You acknowledge then God alone to be the cause of
our ideas; and that He causes them at the presence of those
occasions。
。 That is my opinion。
。 Those things which you say are present to God;
without doubt He perceives。
。 Certainly; otherwise they could not be to Him an
occasion of acting。
。 Not to insist now on your making sense of this
hypothesis; or answering all the puzzling questions and
difficulties it is liable to: I only ask whether the order and
regularity observable in the series of our ideas; or the course
of nature; be not sufficiently accounted for by the wisdom and
power of God; and whether it doth not derogate from those
attributes; to suppose He is influenced; directed; or put in
mind; when and what He is to act; by an unthinking substance?
And; lastly; whether; in case I granted all you contend for; it
would make anything to your purpose; it not being easy to
conceive how the external or absolute existence of an unthinking
substance; distinct from its being perceived; can be inferred
from my allowing that there are certain things perceived by the
mind of God; which are to Him the occasion of producing ideas in
us?
。 I am perfectly at a loss what to think; this notion
of seeming now altogether as groundless as the rest。
。 Do you not at length perceive that in all these
different acceptations of ; you have been only supposing
you know not what; for no manner of reason; and to no kind of
use?
。 I freely own myself less fond of my notions since
they have been so accurately examined。 But still; methinks; I
have some confused perception that there is such a thing as
。 {221}
。 Either you perceive the being of Matter immediately
or mediately。 If immediately; pray inform me by which of the
senses you perceive it。 If mediately; let me know by what
reasoning it is inferred from those things which you perceive
immediately。 So much for the perception。 Then for the Matter
itself; I ask whether it is object; ; cause;
instrument; or occasion? You have already pleaded for each of
these; shifting your notions; and making Matter to appear
sometimes in one shape; then in another。 And what you have
offered hath been disapproved and rejected by yourself。 If you
have anything new to advance I would gladly bear it。
。 I think I have already offered all I had to say on
those heads。 I am at a loss what more to urge。
。 And yet you are loath to part with your old
prejudice。 But; to make you quit it more easily; I desire that;
beside what has been hitherto suggested; you will farther
consider whether; upon。 supposition that Matter exists; you can
possibly conceive how you should be affected by it。 Or; supposing
it did not exist; whether it be not evident you might for all
that be affected with the same ideas you now are; and
consequently have the very same reasons to believe its existence
that you now can have。
。 I acknowledge it is possible we might perceive all
things just as we do now; though there was no Matter in the
world; neither can I conceive; if there be Matter; how it should
produce' any idea in our minds。 And; I do farther grant you have
entirely satisfied me that it is impossible there should be such
a thing as matter in any of the foregoing acceptations。 But still
I cannot help supposing that there is in some sense or
other。 do not indeed pretend to determine。
。 I do not expect you should define exactly the nature
of that unknown being。 Only be pleased to tell me whether it is a
Substance; and if so; whether you can suppose a Substance without
accidents; or; in case you suppose it to have accidents or
qualities; I desire you will let me know what those qualities
are; at least what is meant by Matter's supporting them?
。 We have already argued on those points。 I have no
more to say to them。 But; to prevent any farther questions; let
me tell you I at present understand by neither substance
nor accident; thinking nor extended being; neither cause;
instrument; nor occasion; but Something entirely unknown;
distinct from all these。 {222}
。 It seems then you include in your present notion of
Matter nothing but the general abstract idea of 。
。 Nothing else; save only that I super…add to this
general idea the negation of all those particular things;
qualities; or ideas; that I perceive; imagine; or in anywise
apprehend。
。 Pray where do you suppose this unknown Matter to
exist?
。 Oh Philonous! now you think you have entangled me;
for; if I say it exists in place; then you will infer that it
exists in the mind; since it is agreed that place or extension
exists only in the mind。 But I am not ashamed to own my
ignorance。 I know not where it exists; only I am sure it exists
not in place。 There is a negative answer for you。 And you must
expect no other to all the questions you put for the future about
Matter。
。 Since you will not tell me where it exists; be
pleased to inform me after what manner you suppose it to exist;
or what you mean by its ?
。 It neither thinks nor acts; neither perceives nor is
perceived。
。 But what is there positive in your abstracted notion
of its existence?
。 Upon a nice observation; I do not find I have any
positive notion or meaning at all。 I tell you again; I am not
ashamed to own my ignorance。 I know not what is meant by its
; or how it exists。
。 Continue; good Hylas; to act the same ingenuous
part; and tell me sincerely whether you can frame a distinct idea
of Entity in general; prescinded from and exclusive of all
thinking and corporeal beings; all particular things whatsoever。
。 Hold; let me think a little I profess; Philonous;
I do not find that I can。 At first glance; methought I had some
dilute and airy notion of Pure Entity in abstract; but; upon
closer attention; it hath quite vanished out of sight。 The more I
think on it; the more am I confirmed in my prudent resolution of
giving none but negative answers; and not pretending to the least
degree of any positive knowledge or conception of Matter; its
; its ; its ; or anything belonging to it。
。 When; therefore; you speak of the existence of
Matter; you have not any notion in your mind?
。 None at all。
。 Pray tell me if the case stands not thus At
first; from a belief of material substance; you would have it
that the {223} immediate objects existed without the mind; then
that they are archetypes;