第 13 节
作者:老山文学      更新:2024-01-16 22:40      字数:8973
  。 It doth not readily occur what I can answer you。
  。 But; methinks you should be ready to own the truth;
  when it has been fairly proved to you。 We indeed; who are beings
  of finite powers; are forced to make use of instruments。 And the
  use of an instrument sheweth the agent to be limited by rules of
  another's prescription; and that he cannot obtain his end but in
  such a way; and by such conditions。 Whence it seems a clear
  consequence; that the supreme unlimited agent useth no tool or
  instrument at all。 The will of an Omnipotent Spirit is no sooner
  exerted than executed; without the application of means; which;
  if they are employed by inferior agents; it is not upon account
  of any real efficacy that is in them; or necessary aptitude to
  produce any effect; but merely in compliance with the laws of
  nature; or those conditions prescribed to them by the First
  Cause; who is Himself above all limitation or prescription
  whatsoever。
  。 I will no longer maintain that Matter is an
  instrument。 However; I would not be understood to give up its
  existence neither; since; notwithstanding what hath been said; it
  may still be an 。
  。 How many shapes is your Matter to take? Or; how
  often must it be proved not to exist; before you are content to
  part with it? But; to say no more of this (though by all the laws
  of disputation I may justly blame you for so frequently changing
  the signification of the principal term)  I would fain know
  what you mean by affirming that matter is an occasion; having
  already denied it to be a cause。 And; when you have shewn in what
  sense you understand ; pray; in the next place; be
  pleased to shew me what reason induceth you to believe there is
  such an occasion of our ideas?
  。 As to the first point: by  I mean an
  inactive {220} unthinking being; at the presence whereof God
  excites ideas in our minds。
  。 And what may be the nature of that inactive
  unthinking being?
  。 I know nothing of its nature。
  。 Proceed then to the second point; and assign some
  reason why we should allow an existence to this inactive;
  unthinking; unknown thing。
  。 When we see ideas produced in our minds; after an
  orderly and constant manner; it is natural to think they have
  some fixed and regular occasions; at the presence of which they
  are excited。
  。 You acknowledge then God alone to be the cause of
  our ideas; and that He causes them at the presence of those
  occasions。
  。 That is my opinion。
  。 Those things which you say are present to God;
  without doubt He perceives。
  。 Certainly; otherwise they could not be to Him an
  occasion of acting。
  。 Not to insist now on your making sense of this
  hypothesis; or answering all the puzzling questions and
  difficulties it is liable to: I only ask whether the order and
  regularity observable in the series of our ideas; or the course
  of nature; be not sufficiently accounted for by the wisdom and
  power of God; and whether it doth not derogate from those
  attributes; to suppose He is influenced; directed; or put in
  mind; when and what He is to act; by an unthinking substance?
  And; lastly; whether; in case I granted all you contend for; it
  would make anything to your purpose; it not being easy to
  conceive how the external or absolute existence of an unthinking
  substance; distinct from its being perceived; can be inferred
  from my allowing that there are certain things perceived by the
  mind of God; which are to Him the occasion of producing ideas in
  us?
  。 I am perfectly at a loss what to think; this notion
  of  seeming now altogether as groundless as the rest。
  。 Do you not at length perceive that in all these
  different acceptations of ; you have been only supposing
  you know not what; for no manner of reason; and to no kind of
  use?
  。 I freely own myself less fond of my notions since
  they have been so accurately examined。 But still; methinks; I
  have some confused perception that there is such a thing as
  。 {221}
  。 Either you perceive the being of Matter immediately
  or mediately。 If immediately; pray inform me by which of the
  senses you perceive it。 If mediately; let me know by what
  reasoning it is inferred from those things which you perceive
  immediately。 So much for the perception。 Then for the Matter
  itself; I ask whether it is object; ; cause;
  instrument; or occasion? You have already pleaded for each of
  these; shifting your notions; and making Matter to appear
  sometimes in one shape; then in another。 And what you have
  offered hath been disapproved and rejected by yourself。 If you
  have anything new to advance I would gladly bear it。
  。 I think I have already offered all I had to say on
  those heads。 I am at a loss what more to urge。
  。 And yet you are loath to part with your old
  prejudice。 But; to make you quit it more easily; I desire that;
  beside what has been hitherto suggested; you will farther
  consider whether; upon。 supposition that Matter exists; you can
  possibly conceive how you should be affected by it。 Or; supposing
  it did not exist; whether it be not evident you might for all
  that be affected with the same ideas you now are; and
  consequently have the very same reasons to believe its existence
  that you now can have。
  。 I acknowledge it is possible we might perceive all
  things just as we do now; though there was no Matter in the
  world; neither can I conceive; if there be Matter; how it should
  produce' any idea in our minds。 And; I do farther grant you have
  entirely satisfied me that it is impossible there should be such
  a thing as matter in any of the foregoing acceptations。 But still
  I cannot help supposing that there is  in some sense or
  other。  do not indeed pretend to determine。
  。 I do not expect you should define exactly the nature
  of that unknown being。 Only be pleased to tell me whether it is a
  Substance; and if so; whether you can suppose a Substance without
  accidents; or; in case you suppose it to have accidents or
  qualities; I desire you will let me know what those qualities
  are; at least what is meant by Matter's supporting them?
  。 We have already argued on those points。 I have no
  more to say to them。 But; to prevent any farther questions; let
  me tell you I at present understand by  neither substance
  nor accident; thinking nor extended being; neither cause;
  instrument; nor occasion; but Something entirely unknown;
  distinct from all these。 {222}
  。 It seems then you include in your present notion of
  Matter nothing but the general abstract idea of 。
  。 Nothing else; save only that I super…add to this
  general idea the negation of all those particular things;
  qualities; or ideas; that I perceive; imagine; or in anywise
  apprehend。
  。 Pray where do you suppose this unknown Matter to
  exist?
  。 Oh Philonous! now you think you have entangled me;
  for; if I say it exists in place; then you will infer that it
  exists in the mind; since it is agreed that place or extension
  exists only in the mind。 But I am not ashamed to own my
  ignorance。 I know not where it exists; only I am sure it exists
  not in place。 There is a negative answer for you。 And you must
  expect no other to all the questions you put for the future about
  Matter。
  。 Since you will not tell me where it exists; be
  pleased to inform me after what manner you suppose it to exist;
  or what you mean by its ?
  。 It neither thinks nor acts; neither perceives nor is
  perceived。
  。 But what is there positive in your abstracted notion
  of its existence?
  。 Upon a nice observation; I do not find I have any
  positive notion or meaning at all。 I tell you again; I am not
  ashamed to own my ignorance。 I know not what is meant by its
  ; or how it exists。
  。 Continue; good Hylas; to act the same ingenuous
  part; and tell me sincerely whether you can frame a distinct idea
  of Entity in general; prescinded from and exclusive of all
  thinking and corporeal beings; all particular things whatsoever。
  。 Hold; let me think a little  I profess; Philonous;
  I do not find that I can。 At first glance; methought I had some
  dilute and airy notion of Pure Entity in abstract; but; upon
  closer attention; it hath quite vanished out of sight。 The more I
  think on it; the more am I confirmed in my prudent resolution of
  giving none but negative answers; and not pretending to the least
  degree of any positive knowledge or conception of Matter; its
  ; its ; its ; or anything belonging to it。
  。 When; therefore; you speak of the existence of
  Matter; you have not any notion in your mind?
  。 None at all。
  。 Pray tell me if the case stands not thus  At
  first; from a belief of material substance; you would have it
  that the {223} immediate objects existed without the mind; then
  that they are archetypes;