第 11 节
作者:
老山文学 更新:2024-01-16 22:40 字数:8644
you have nothing to reproach me with。 My comfort is; you are as
much a sceptic as I am。
。 There; Hylas; I must beg leave to differ from you。
。 What! Have you all along agreed to the premises; and
do you now deny the conclusion; and leave me to maintain those
paradoxes by myself which you led me into? This surely is not
fair。
。 deny that I agreed with you in those notions
that led to Scepticism。 You indeed said the of sensible
things consisted in ; or distinct from their being perceived。 And pursuant to
this notion of reality; are obliged to deny sensible things
any {212} real existence: that is; according to your own
definition; you profess yourself a sceptic。 But I neither said
nor thought the reality of sensible things was to be defined
after that manner。 To me it is evident for the reasons you allow
of; that sensible things cannot exist otherwise than in a mind or
spirit。 Whence I conclude; not that they have no real existence;
but that。; seeing they depend not on my thought; and have all
existence distinct from being perceived by me; 。 As sure; therefore; as the
sensible world really exists; so sure is there an infinite
omnipresent Spirit who contains and supports it。
。 What! This is no more than I and all Christians hold;
nay; and all others too who believe there is a God; and that He
knows and comprehends all things。
。 Aye; but here lies the difference。 Men commonly
believe that all things are known or perceived by God; because
they believe the being of a God; whereas I; on the other side;
immediately and necessarily conclude the being of a God; because
all sensible things must be perceived by Him。
。 But; so long as we all believe the same thing; what
matter is it how we come by that belief?
。 But neither do we agree in the same opinion。 For
philosophers; though they acknowledge all corporeal beings to be
perceived by God; yet they attribute to them an absolute
subsistence distinct from their being perceived by any mind
whatever; which I do not。 Besides; is there no difference between
saying; ; ;
and saying; ; ; ; : ? This
furnishes you with a direct and immediate demonstration; from a
most evident principle; of the 。 Divines and
philosophers had proved beyond all controversy; from the beauty
and usefulness of the several parts of the creation; that it was
the workmanship of God。 But that setting aside all help of
astronomy and natural philosophy; all contemplation of the
contrivance; order; and adjustment of things an infinite Mind
should be necessarily inferred from the bare ; is an advantage to them only who have made this
easy reflexion: that the sensible world is that which we perceive
by our several senses; and that nothing is perceived by the
senses beside ideas; and that no {213} idea or archetype of an
idea can exist otherwise than in a mind。 You may now; without any
laborious search into the sciences; without any subtlety of
reason; or tedious length of discourse; oppose and baffle the
most strenuous advocate for Atheism。 Those miserable refuges;
whether in an eternal succession of unthinking causes and
effects; or in a fortuitous concourse of atoms; those wild
imaginations of Vanini; Hobbes; and Spinoza: in a word; the whole
system of Atheism; is it not entirely overthrown; by this single
reflexion on the repugnancy included in supposing the whole; or
any part; even the most rude and shapeless; of the visible world;
to exist without a mind? Let any one of those abettors of impiety
but look into his own thoughts; and there try if he can conceive
how so much as a rock; a desert; a chaos; or confused jumble of
atoms; how anything at all; either sensible or imaginable; can
exist independent of a Mind; and he need go no farther to be
convinced of his folly。 Can anything be fairer than to put a
dispute on such an issue; and leave it to a man himself to see if
he can conceive; even in thought; what he holds to be true in
fact; and from a notional to allow it a real existence?
。 It cannot be denied there is something highly
serviceable to religion in what you advance。 But do you not think
it looks very like a notion entertained by some eminent moderns;
of ?
。 I would gladly know that opinion: pray explain it to
me。
。 They conceive that the soul; being immaterial; is
incapable of being united with material things; so as to perceive
them in themselves; but that she perceives them by her union with
the substance of God; which; being spiritual; is therefore purely
intelligible; or capable of being the immediate object of a
spirit's thought。 Besides the Divine essence contains in it
perfections correspondent to each created being; and which are;
for that reason; proper to exhibit or represent them to the mind。
。 I do not understand how our ideas; which are things
altogether passive and inert; can be the essence; or any part (or
like any part) of the essence or substance of God; who is an
{214} impassive; indivisible; pure; active being。 Many more
difficulties and objections there are which occur at first view
against this hypothesis; but I shall only add that it is liable
to all the absurdities of the common hypothesis; in making a
created world exist otherwise than in the mind of a Spirit。
Besides all which it hath this peculiar to itself; that it makes
that material world serve to no purpose。 And; if it pass for a
good argument against other hypotheses in the sciences; that they
suppose Nature; or the Divine wisdom; to make something in vain;
or do that by tedious roundabout methods which might have been
performed in a much more easy and compendious way; what shall we
think of that hypothesis which supposes the whole world made in
vain?
。 But what say you? Are not you too of opinion that we
see all things in God? If I mistake not; what you advance comes
near it。
。 'Few men think; yet all have opinions。 Hence men's
opinions are superficial and confused。 It is nothing strange that
tenets which in themselves are ever so different; should
nevertheless be confounded with each other; by those who do not
consider them attentively。 I shall not therefore be surprised if
some men imagine that I run into the enthusiasm of Malebranche;
though in truth I am very remote from it。 He builds on the most
abstract general ideas; which I entirely disclaim。 He asserts an
absolute external world; which I deny。 He maintains that we are
deceived by our senses; and; know not the real natures or the
true forms and figures of extended beings; of all which I hold
the direct contrary。 So that upon the whole there are no
Principles more fundamentally opposite than his and mine。 It must
be owned that''5' I entirely agree with what the holy Scripture
saith; 〃That in God we live and move and have our being。〃 But
that we see things in His essence; after the manner above set
forth; I am far from believing。 Take here in brief my meaning:
It is evident that the things I perceive are my own ideas; and
that no idea can exist unless it be in a mind: nor is it less
plain that these ideas or things by me perceived; either
themselves or their archetypes; exist independently of my mind;
since I know myself not to be their author; it being out of my
power to determine at pleasure what particular ideas I shall be
affected with upon opening my eyes or ears: they must therefore
exist in some other Mind; whose {215} Will it is they should be
exhibited to me。 The things; I say; immediately perceived are
ideas or sensations; call them which you will。 But how can any
idea or sensation exist in; or be produced by; anything but a
mind or spirit? This indeed is inconceivable。 And to assert that
which is inconceivable is to talk nonsense: is it not?
。 Without doubt。
。 But; on the other hand; it is very conceivable that
they should exist in and be produced by a spirit; since this is
no more than I daily experience in myself; inasmuch as I perceive
numberless ideas; and; by an act of my will; can form a great
variety of them; and raise them up in my imagination: though; it
must be confessed; these creatures of the fancy are not
altogether so distinct; so strong; vivid; and permanent; as those
perceived by my senses which latter are called 。
From all which I conclude; 。
; from the variety; order; and manner of these; I conclude
; ; ; 。 it well; I do not say; I see things by
perceiving that which represents them in the intelligible
Substance of God。 This I do not understand;