第 8 节
作者:老山文学      更新:2024-01-16 22:40      字数:8845
  support your body?
  。 No; that is the literal sense。
  。 Pray let me know any sense; literal or not literal;
  that you understand it in。  How long must I wait for an answer;
  Hylas?
  。 I declare I know not what to say。 I once thought I
  understood well enough what was meant by Matter's supporting
  accidents。 But now; the more I think on it the less can I
  comprehend it: in short I find that I know nothing of it。
  。 It seems then you have no idea at all; neither
  relative nor positive; of Matter; you know neither what it is in
  itself; nor what relation it bears to accidents?
  。 I acknowledge it。
  。 And yet you asserted that you could not conceive how
  qualities or accidents should really exist; without conceiving at
  the same time a material support of them?
  。 I did。
  。 That is to say; when you conceive the real existence
  of qualities; you do withal conceive Something which you cannot
  conceive?
  。 It was wrong; I own。 But still I fear there is some
  fallacy or other。 Pray what think you of this? It is just come
  into my head that the ground of all our mistake lies in your
  treating of each quality by itself。 Now; I grant that each
  quality cannot singly subsist without the mind。 Colour cannot
  without extension; neither can figure without some other sensible
  quality。 But; as the several qualities united or blended together
  form entire sensible things; nothing hinders why such things may
  not be supposed to exist without the mind。
  。 Either; Hylas; you are jesting; or have a very bad
  memory。 Though indeed we went through all the qualities by name
  one after another; yet my arguments or rather your concessions;
  nowhere tended to prove that the Secondary Qualities did not
  subsist each alone by itself; but; that they were not {200}  without the mind。 Indeed; in treating of figure and motion
  we concluded they could not exist without the mind; because it
  was impossible even in thought to separate them from all
  secondary qualities; so as to conceive them existing by
  themselves。 But then this was not the only argument made use of
  upon that occasion。 But (to pass by all that hath been hitherto
  said; and reckon it for nothing; if you will have it so) I am
  content to put the whole upon this issue。 If you can conceive it
  possible for any mixture or combination of qualities; or any
  sensible object whatever; to exist without the mind; then I will
  grant it actually to be so。
  。 If it comes to that the point will soon be decided。
  What more easy than to conceive a tree or house existing by
  itself; independent of; and unperceived by; any mind whatsoever?
  I do at this present time conceive them existing after that
  manner。
  。 How say you; Hylas; can you see a thing which is at
  the same time unseen?
  。 No; that were a contradiction。
  。 Is it not as great a contradiction to talk of
  a thing which is ?
  。 It is。
  。 The; tree or house therefore which you think of is
  conceived by you?
  。 How should it be otherwise?
  。 And what is conceived is surely in the mind?
  。 Without question; that which is conceived is in the
  mind。
  。 How then came you to say; you conceived a house or
  tree existing independent and out of all minds whatsoever?
  。 That was I own an oversight; but stay; let me
  consider what led me into it。  It is a pleasant mistake enough。
  As I was thinking of a tree in a solitary place; where no one was
  present to see it; methought that was to conceive a tree as
  existing unperceived or unthought of; not considering that I
  myself conceived it all the while。 But now I plainly see that all
  I can do is to frame ideas in my own mind。 I may indeed conceive
  in my own thoughts the idea of a tree; or a house; or a mountain;
  but that is all。 And this is far from proving that I can conceive
  them 。
  。 You acknowledge then that you cannot possibly
  conceive how any one corporeal sensible thing should exist
  otherwise than in the mind? {201}
  。 I do。
  。 And yet you will earnestly contend for the truth of
  that which you cannot so much as conceive?
  。 I profess I know not what to think; but still there
  are some scruples remain with me。 Is it not certain I  a distance? Do we not perceive the stars and moon; for
  example; to be a great way off? Is not this; I say; manifest to
  the senses?
  。 Do you not in a dream too perceive those or the like
  objects?
  。 I do。
  。 And have they not then the same appearance of being
  distant?
  。 They have。
  。 But you do not thence conclude the apparitions in a
  dream to be without the mind?
  。 By no means。
  。 You ought not therefore to conclude that sensible
  objects are without the mind; from their appearance; or manner
  wherein they are perceived。
  。 I acknowledge it。 But doth not my sense deceive me in
  those cases?
  。 By no means。 The idea or thing which you immediately
  perceive; neither sense nor reason informs you that it actually
  exists without the mind。 By sense you only know that you are
  affected with such certain sensations of light and colours; &c。
  And these you will not say are without the mind。
  。 True: but; beside all that; do you not think the
  sight suggests something of ?
  。 Upon approaching a distant object; do the visible
  size and figure change perpetually; or do they appear the same at
  all distances?
  。 They are in a continual change。
  。 Sight therefore doth not suggest; or any way inform
  you; that the visible object you immediately perceive exists at a
  distance; or will be perceived when you advance farther onward;
  there being a continued series of visible objects succeeding each
  other during the whole time of your approach。
  。 It doth not; but still I know; upon seeing an object;
  what object I shall perceive after having passed over a certain
  distance: {202} no matter whether it be exactly the same or no:
  there is still something of distance suggested in the case。
  。 Good Hylas; do but reflect a little on the point;
  and then tell me whether there be any more in it than this: from
  the ideas you actually perceive by sight; you have by experience
  learned to collect what other ideas you will (according to the
  standing order of nature) be affected with; after such a certain
  succession of time and motion。
  。 Upon the whole; I take it to be nothing else。
  。 Now; is it not plain that if we suppose a man born
  blind was on a sudden made to see; he could at first have no
  experience of what may be  by sight?
  。 It is。
  。 He would not then; according to you; have any notion
  of distance annexed to the things he saw; but would take them for
  a new set of sensations; existing only in his mind?
  。 It is undeniable。
  。 But; to make it still more plain: is not
  a line turned endwise to the eye?
  。 It is。
  。 And can a line so situated be perceived by sight?
  。 It cannot。
  。 Doth it not therefore follow that distance is not
  properly and immediately perceived by sight?
  。 It should seem so。
  。 Again; is it your opinion that colours are at a
  distance?
  。 It must be acknowledged they are only in the mind。
  。 But do not colours appear to the eye as coexisting
  in the same place with extension and figures?
  。 They do。
  。 How can you then conclude from sight that figures
  exist without; when you acknowledge colours do not; the sensible
  appearance being the very same with regard to both?
  。 I know not what to answer。
  。 But; allowing that distance was truly and
  immediately perceived by the mind; yet it would not thence follow
  it existed out of the mind。 For; whatever is immediately
  perceived is an idea: and can any idea exist out of the mind?
  。 To suppose that were absurd: but; inform me;
  Philonous; can we perceive or know nothing beside our ideas?
  。 As for the rational deducing of causes from effects;
  {203} that is beside our inquiry。 And; by the senses you can best
  tell whether you perceive anything which is not immediately
  perceived。 And I ask you; whether the things immediately
  perceived are other than your own sensations or ideas? You have
  indeed more than once; in the course of this conversation;
  declared yourself on those points; but you seem; by this last
  question; to have departed from what you then thought。
  。 To speak the truth; Philonous; I think there are two
  kinds of objects:  the one perceived immediately; which are
  likewise called ; the other are real things or external
  objects; perceived by the mediation of ideas; which are their
  images and representations。 Now; I own