第 16 节
作者:闪啊闪      更新:2023-08-28 11:48      字数:9318
  their petty local animosities in coarse Fescennine verse。 The lampoons of
  the city were doubtless of a higher order; and their sting was early felt by
  the nobility。 For in the Twelve Tables; long before the time of the Licinian
  laws; a severe punishment was denounced against the citizen who should
  compose or recite verses reflecting on another。 Satire is; indeed; the only
  sort   of   composition   in   which   the   Latin   poets;   whose   works   have   come
  down to us; were not mere imitators of foreign models; and it is therefore
  the only sort of composition in which they have never been rivalled。 It was
  not; like their tragedy; their comedy; their epic and lyric poetry; a hothouse
  plant which; in return for assiduous and skilful culture; gave only scanty
  and sickly fruits。 It was hardy and full of sap; and in all the various juices
  which   it   yielded   might   be   distinguished   the   flavor   of   the Ausonian   soil。
  ‘‘Satire;'' said Quinctilian; with just pride; ‘‘is all our own。'' Satire sprang;
  in   truth;   naturally   from   the   constitution   of   the   Roman   government   and
  from  the   spirit   of   the   Roman   people;   and;   though   at   length   subjected   to
  metrical   rules   derived   from   Greece;   retained   to   the   last   an   essentially
  Roman character。 Lucilius was the earliest satirist whose works were held
  in esteem under the Caesars。 But many years before Lucilius was born; N
  鎣     ius    had    been    flung    into   a   dungeon;      and    guarded      there   with
  circumstances of unusual rigor; on account of the bitter lines in which he
  had    attacked    the   great   Caecilian    family。    The   genius    and    spirit  of  the
  Roman       satirists   survived     the  liberty    of  their   country;    and    were    not
  extinguished by the cruel despotism of the Julian and Flavian Emperors。
  The great poet who told the story of Domitian's turbot was the legitimate
  successor of those forgotten minstrels whose songs animated the factions
  of the infant Republic。
  Those   minstrels;   as   Niebuhr   has   remarked;   appear   to   have   generally
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  taken the popular side。 We can hardly be mistaken in supposing that; at the
  great crisis of the civil conflict; they employed themselves in versifying all
  the most powerful and virulent speeches of the Tribunes; and in heaping
  abuse     on  the   leaders   of  the  aristocracy。    Every   personal    defect;   every
  domestic scandal; every tradition dishonorable to a noble house; would be
  sought out; brought into notice; and exaggerated。 The illustrious head of
  the   aristocratical   party;   Marcus   Furius   Camillus;      might   perhaps   be;   in
  some measure; protected by his venerable age and by the memory of his
  great services to the state。 But Appius Claudius Crassus enjoyed no such
  immunity。 He was descended from a long line of ancestors distinguished
  by their haughty demeanor; and by the inflexibility with which they had
  withstood      all  the  demands     of  the   Plebeian    order。  While    the   political
  conduct and the deportment of the Claudian nobles drew  upon them  the
  fiercest public hatred; they were accused of wanting; if any credit is due to
  the   early   history   of   Rome;    a  class   of  qualities   which;    in  a  military
  commonwealth; is sufficient to cover a multitude of offences。 The chiefs
  of the family appear to have been eloquent; versed in civil business; and
  learned     after   the  fashion    of   their   age;   but   in  war    they   were    not
  distinguished by skill or valor。 Some of them; as if conscious where their
  weakness   lay;   had;   when   filling   the   highest   magistracies;   taken   internal
  administration as their department of public business; and left the military
  command   to   their   colleagues。   One   of   them   had   been   entrusted   with   an
  army; and had failed ignominiously。 None of them had been honored with
  a triumph。 None of them had achieved any martial exploit; such as those
  by    which    Lucius    Quinctius    Cincinnatus;     Titus   Quinctius     Capitolinus;
  Aulus Cornelius Cossus; and; above all; the great Camillus; had extorted
  the reluctant esteem of the multitude。 During the Licinian conflict; Appius
  Claudius Crassus signalized himself by the ability and severity with which
  he harangued against the two great agitators。 He would naturally; therefore;
  be the favorite mark of the Plebeian satirists; nor would they have been at
  a loss to find a point on which he was open to attack。
  His grandfather; called; like himself; Appius Claudius; had left a name
  as   much   detested   as   that   Sextus Tarquinius。 This   elder Appius   had   been
  Consul   more   than   seventy   years   before   the   introduction   of   the   Licinian
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  laws。   By   availing   himself   of   a   singular   crisis   in   public   feeling;   he   had
  obtained the consent of the Commons to the abolition of the Tribuneship;
  and had been the chief of that Council of Ten to which the whole direction
  of the state had been committed。 In a new months his administration had
  become   universally   odious。   It   had   been   swept   away   by   an   irresistible
  outbreak of popular fury; and its memory was still held in abhorrence by
  the   whole   city。   The   immediate   cause   of   the   downfall   of   this   execrable
  government was said to have been an attempt made by Appius Claudius
  upon the chastity of a beautiful young girl of humble birth。 The story ran
  that the Decemvir; unable to succeed by bribes and solicitations; resorted
  to an outrageous act of tyranny。 A vile dependent of the Claudian house
  laid   claim  to   the  damsel   as   his   slave。 The  cause  was   brought   before   the
  tribunal   of   Appius。   The   wicked   magistrate;   in   defiance   of   the   clearest
  proofs;     gave   judgment      for  the   claimant。    But    the  girl's  father;   a  brave
  soldier; saved her from servitude and dishonor by stabbing her to the heart
  in the sight of the whole Forum。 That blow was the signal for a general
  explosion。   Camp   and   city   rose   at   once;   the   Ten   were   pulled   down;   the
  Tribuneship   was   re 雜 tablished;   and   Appius   escaped   the   hands   of   the
  executioner only by a voluntary death。
  It   can   hardly   be   doubted   that   a   story   so   admirably   adapted   to   the
  purposes both of the poet and of the demagogue would be eagerly seized
  upon by minstrels burning with hatred against the Patrician order; against
  the Claudian house; and especially against the grandson and namesake of
  the infamous Decemvir。
  In order that the reader may judge fairly of these fragments of the lay
  of Virginia; he must imagine himself a Plebeian who has just voted for the
  re 雔 ection of   Sextius   and   Licinius。 All   the   power  of   the   Patricians   has
  been   exerted   to   throw   out   the   two   great   champions   of   the   Commons。
  Every   Posthumius;       苖 ilius;   and   Cornelius   has   used   his   influence   to   the
  utmost。   Debtors   have   been   let   out   of   the   workhouses   on   condition   of
  voting against the men of the people; clients have been posted to hiss and
  interrupt the favorite candidates; Appius Claudius Crassus has spoken with
  more than his usual eloquence and asperity: all has been in vain; Licinius
  and Sextius have a fifth time carried all the tribes: work is suspended; the
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  booths are closed; the Plebeians bear on their shoulders the two champions
  of liberty through the Forum。 Just at this moment it is announced that a
  great poet; a zealous adherent of the Tribunes; has made a new song which
  will cut the   Claudian nobles to   the heart。 The   crowd gathers round   him;
  and    calls  on  him    to  recite  it。  He  takes  his  stand   on  the   spot  where;
  according to tradition; Virginia; more than seventy years ago; was seized
  by the pandar of Appius; and he begins his story。
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  Virginia
  Fragments of a Lay Sung in the Forum on the Day Whereon Lucius
  Sextius Sextinus Lateranus and Caius Licinius Calvus Stolo Were Elected
  Tribunes      of   the   Commons        the   Fifth   Time;    in  the   Year    of   the  City
  CCCLXXXII
  Ye good men of