第 5 节
作者:闪啊闪      更新:2023-08-28 11:48      字数:9312
  enemies   with   the   delicacy   of   the   Black   Prince;   would   be   to   violate   all
  dramatic   propriety。   The   old   Romans   had   some   great   virtues;   fortitude;
  temperance;       veracity;   spirit  to  resist   oppression;     respect   for  legitimate
  authority;   fidelity   in   the   observing   of   contracts;   disinterestedness;   ardent
  patriotism;     but   Christian    charity   and    chivalrous    generosity     were    alike
  unknown to them。
  It would   have been   obviously  improper to   mimic  the  manner  of   any
  particular   age   or   country。   Something   has   been   borrowed;   however;   from
  our own old ballads; and more from Sir Walter Scott; the great restorer of
  our ballad…poetry。 To the Iliad still greater obligations are due; and those
  obligations have been contracted with the less hesitation; because there is
  reason to believe that some of the old Latin minstrels really had recourse
  to that inexhaustible store of poetical images。
  It   would     have   been    easy    to  swell    this  little  volume      to  a  very
  considerable   bulk;   by   appending   notes   filled   with   quotations;   but   to   a
  learned reader such notes are not necessary; for an unlearned reader they
  would have little interest; and the judgment passed both by the learned and
  by the unlearned on a work of the imagination will always depend much
  more   on   the   general   character   and   spirit   of   such   a   work than on   minute
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  details。
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  Lays of Ancient Rome
  Horatius
  There    can   be   little  doubt   that  among     those   parts  of  early   Roman
  history which had a poetical origin was the legend of Horatius Cocles。 We
  have   several   versions   of   the   story;   and   these   versions   differ   from   each
  other in points of no small importance。 Polybius; there is reason to believe;
  heard    the   tale  recited   over   the  remains     of  some    Consul    or  Pr  鎡   or
  descended      from   the   old   Horatian    patricians;   for  he   introduces    it  as  a
  specimen   of   the   narratives   with   which   the   Romans   were   in   the   habit   of
  embellishing their funeral oratory。 It is remarkable that; according to him;
  Horatius defended the bridge alone; and perished in the waters。 According
  to the   chronicles   which   Livy  and   Dionysius   followed;   Horatius   had   two
  companions; swam safe to shore; and was loaded with honors and rewards。
  These discrepancies are easily explained。 Our own literature; indeed;
  will furnish an exact parallel to what may have taken place at Rome。 It is
  highly probably that the memory of the war of Porsena was preserved by
  compositions   much   resembling   the   two   ballads   which   stand   first   in   the
  Relics    of   Ancient    English    Poetry。   In   both   those   ballads   the   English;
  commanded         by   the  Percy;    fight  with    the  Scots;   commanded        by   the
  Douglas。 In one of the ballads the Douglas is killed by a nameless English
  archer; and the Percy by a Scottish spearman; in the other; the Percy slays
  the Douglas in single combat; and is himself made prisoner。 In the former;
  Sir   Hugh     Montgomery        is  shot  through    the   heart   by   a  Northumbrian
  bowman; in the latter he is taken and exchanged for the Percy。 Yet both the
  ballads relate to the same event; and that event which probably took place
  within the memory of persons who were alive when both the ballads were
  made。 One of the Minstrels says:
  ‘‘Old   men   that   knowen   the   grounde   well   yenoughe              Call   it
  the    battell   of   Otterburn:                At    Otterburn     began     this   spurne
  Upon      a  monnyn      day。            Ther    was    the   dougghte     Doglas     slean:
  The Perse never went away。''
  The other poet sums up the event in the following lines:
  ‘‘Thys fraye bygan at Otterborne                     Bytwene the nyghte and
  the day:           Ther the Doglas lost hys lyfe;                   And the Percy was
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  lede away。''
  It is by no means unlikely that there were two old Roman lays about
  the    defence     of  the   bridge;   and    that;  while    the  story   which     Livy    has
  transmitted to us was preferred by the multitude; the other; which ascribed
  the   whole   glory   to   Horatius   alone;   may   have   been   the   favorite   with   the
  Horatian   house。        The   following   ballad   is   supposed   to   have   been   made
  about a   hundred   and   twenty  years   after the   war   which it   celebrates;   and
  just   before   the   taking   of   Rome   by   the   Gauls。 The   author   seems   to   have
  been an honest citizen; proud of the military glory of his country; sick of
  the   disputes   of   factions;   and   much   given   to   pining   after   good   old   times
  which      had   never    really   existed。   The    allusion;    however;     to  the   partial
  manner in which the public lands were allotted could proceed only from a
  plebeian; and the allusion to the fraudulent sale of spoils marks the date of
  the poem; and shows   that the poet shared   in the general discontent   with
  which      the   proceedings      of   Camullus;      after   the   taking    of   Veii;   were
  regarded。
  The   penultimate   syllable of   the name   Porsena   has been   shortened   in
  spite of the authority of Niebuhr; who pronounces; without assigning any
  ground for his opinion; that Martial was guilty of a decided blunder in the
  line;
  ‘‘Hanc spectare manum Porsena non potuit。''
  It   is   not   easy   to   understand   how   any   modern   scholar;   whatever   his
  attainments may be;and those of Niebuhr were undoubtedly immense;
  can venture to pronounce that Martial did not know the quantity of a word
  which he must have uttered; and heard uttered; a hundred times before he
  left school。 Niebuhr seems also to have forgotten that Martial has fellow
  culprits   to   keep    him   in   countenance。   Horace   has   committed   the   same
  decided blunder; for he give us; as a pure iambic line;
  ‘‘Minacis aut Etrusca Porsen* dextram;''
  Silius   Italicus   has   repeatedly   offended   in   the   same   way;   as   when   he
  ways;     ‘‘Clusinum   vulgus;       cum;    Porsena     magne;     jubebas。''   A   modern
  writer may be content to err in such company。
  Niebuhr's   supposition   that   each   of   the   three   defenders   of   the   bridge
  was the representative of one of the three patrician tribes is both ingenious
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  and probable; and has been adopted in the following poem。
  Horatius
  A Lay Made About the Year Of The City CCCLX
  I
  Lars Porsena of Closium                By the Nine Gods he swore That the
  great house of Tarquin               Should suffer wrong no more。 By the Nine
  Gods     he   swore    it;         And     named    a  trysting   day;   And    bade   his
  messengers      ride   forth;  East   and   west   and   south   and   north;          To
  summon his array。
  II
  East   and   west   and   south   and   north        The   messengers   ride   fast;
  And   tower   and   town   and   cottage           Have   heard   the   trumpet's   blast。
  Shame      on   the  false  Etruscan           Who      lingers   in  his  home;    When
  Porsena of Clusium               Is on the march for Rome。
  III
  The   horsemen   and      the   footmen          Are   pouring     in   amain  From
  many   a    stately   market…place;           From   many      a  fruitful  plain;  From
  many   a    lonely   hamlet;          Which;     hid   by   beech   and  pine;   Like   an
  eagle's nest; hangs on the crest              Of purple Apennine;
  IV
  From lordly Volaterr*;              Where scowls the far…famed hold Piled
  by    the  hands   of  giants          For    godlike   kings   of  old;   From    seagirt
  Populonia;            Whose sentinels descry Sardinia's snowy mountain…tops