第 3 节
作者:闪啊闪      更新:2023-08-28 11:48      字数:9319
  Varro; whose authority on all questions connected with the antiquities
  of his country is entitled to the greatest respect; tells us that at banquets it
  was   once   the   fashion   for   boys   to   sing;   sometimes   with   and   sometimes
  without   instrumental   music;   ancient   ballads   in   praise   of   men   of   former
  times。     These     young     performers;      he    observes;     were    of   unblemished
  character;   a   circumstance   which   he   probably   mentioned   because;   among
  the Greeks; and indeed; in his time among the Romans also; the morals of
  singing boys were in no high repute。
  The     testimony     of   Horace;     though    given    incidentally;     confirms     the
  statements of Cato; Valerius Maximus; and Varro。 The poet predicts that;
  under the peaceful administration of Augustus; the Romans will; over their
  full goblets; sing to the pipe; after the fashion of their fathers; the deeds of
  brave captains; and the ancient legends touching the origin of the city。
  The   proposition;   then;   that   Rome   had   ballad…poetry   is   not   merely   in
  itself highly probable; but is fully proved by direct evidence of the greatest
  weight。
  This proposition being established; it becomes easy to understand why
  the   early   history   of   the   city   is   unlike   almost   everything   else   in   Latin
  literature;   native   where   almost   everything   else   is   borrowed;   imaginative
  where      almost    everything      else  is  prosaic。    We    can   scarcely     hesitate   to
  pronounce that the magnificent; pathetic; and truly national legends; which
  present   so   striking   a   contrast   to   all that   surrounds   them;   are   broken   and
  defaced fragments of that early poetry which; even in the age of Cato the
  Censor; had become antiquated; and of which Tully had never heard a line。
  That this   poetry  should   have been   suffered   to   perish   will   not   appear
  strange   when   we   consider   how   complete   was   the   triumph   of   the   Greek
  genius over the public mind of Italy。 It is probable that; at an early period;
  Homer and Herodotus furnished some hints to the Latin Minstrels; but it
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  was not till after the war with Pyrrhus that the poetry of Rome began to
  put    off    its  old   Ausonian       character。     The    transformation       was     soon
  consummated。 The conquered; says Horace; led captive the conquerors。 It
  was   precisely  at   the   time   at   which   the   Roman   people   rose   to   unrivalled
  political ascendency that they stooped to pass under the intellectual yoke。
  It was precisely at the time at which the sceptre departed from Greece that
  the empire of her language and of her arts became universal and despotic。
  The revolution indeed was not effected without a struggle。 Naevius seems
  to have been the last of the ancient line of poets。 Ennius was the founder
  of   a   new   dynasty。   Naevius   celebrated   the   First   Punic   War   in   Saturnian
  verse; the old national verse of Italy。 Ennius sang the Second Punic War in
  numbers borrowed from the Iliad。 The elder poet; in the epitaph which he
  wrote for himself; and which is a fine specimen of the early Roman diction
  and versification; plaintively boasted that the Latin language had died with
  him。 Thus what to Horace appeared to be the first faint dawn of Roman
  literature   appeared   to   Naevius   to   be   its   hopeless   setting。   In   truth;   one
  literature was setting; and another dawning。
  The   victory   of   the   foreign   taste   was   decisive;   and   indeed   we   can
  hardly blame the Romans for turning away with contempt from the rude
  lays which had delighted their fathers; and giving their whole admiration
  to the immortal productions of Greece。 The national romances; neglected
  by the great and the refined whose education had been finished at Rhodes
  or   Athens;   continued;   it   may   be   supposed;   during   some   generations   to
  delight   the   vulgar。   While   Virgil;   in   hexameters   of   exquisite   modulation;
  described the sports of   rustics;  those rustics   were  still singing   their  wild
  Saturnian      ballads。    It  is  not  improbable      that;  at  the   time   when    Cicero
  lamented the   irreparable   loss   of   the poems   mentioned   by  Cato;  a   search
  among   the   nooks   of   the   Appenines;   as   active   as   the   search   which   Sir
  Walter      Scott   made     among      the   descendents       of   the   mosstroopers       of
  Liddesdale;   might   have   brought   to   light   many   fine   remains   of   ancient
  minstrelsy。 No such search was made。 The Latin ballads perished forever。
  Yet   discerning   critics   have   thought   that   they   could   still   perceive   in   the
  early   history   of    Rome   numerous   fragments           of   this   lost  poetry;   as  the
  traveller on classic ground sometimes finds; built into the heavy wall of a
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  fort   or   convent;   a   pillar   rich   with   acanthus leaves;   or   a   frieze   where   the
  Amazons   and   Bacchanals   seem   to   live。  The   theatres   and   temples   of   the
  Greek and the Roman were degraded into the quarries of the Turk and the
  Goth。   Even   so   did   the   ancient   Saturnian   poetry   become   the   quarry   in
  which a crowd of orators and annalists found the materials for their prose。
  It   is   not   difficult   to   trace   the   process   by   which   the   old   songs   were
  transmuted   into   the   form   which   they   now   wear。   Funeral   panegyric   and
  chronicle appear to have been the intermediate links which connected the
  lost ballads with the histories now extant。 From a very early period it was
  the   usage   that   an   oration   should   be   pronounced   over   the   remains   of   a
  noble   Roman。   The   orator;   as   we   learn   from   Polybius;   was   expected;   on
  such occasions; to recapitulate all the services which the ancestors of the
  deceased      had;    from    the  earliest   time;   rendered     to   the  commonwealth。
  There can be little doubt that the speaker on whom this duty was imposed
  would make use of all the stories suited to his purpose which were to be
  found in the popular lays。 There can be as little doubt that the family of an
  eminent      man     would     preserve    a   copy    of  the   speech     which    had    been
  pronounced over his corpse。 The compilers of the early chronicles would
  have recourse to these speeches; and the great historians of a later period
  would have recourse to the chronicles。
  It   may   be   worth   while   to   select   a   particular   story;   and   to   trace   its
  probable progress through these stages。 The description of the migration
  of   the   Fabian   house   to   Cremera   is   one   of   the   finest   of   the   many   fine
  passages which lie thick in the earlier books of Livy。 The Consul; clad in
  his military garb; stands in the vestibule of his house; marshalling his clan;
  three hundred and six fighting men; all of the same proud patrician blood;
  all worthy to be attended by the fasces; and to command the legions。 A sad
  and   anxious   retinue   of   friends   accompanies   the   adventurers   through   the
  streets; but the voice of lamentation is drowned by the shouts of admiring
  thousands。   As   the   procession   passes   the   Capitol;   prayers   and   vows   are
  poured   forth;  but   in   vain。 The   devoted band;  leaving   Janus on the   right;
  marches to its doom; through the Gate of Evil Luck。 After achieving high
  deeds of valor against overwhelming numbers; all perish save one child;
  the stock from which the great Fabian race was destined again to spring;
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  for the safety and glory of the commonwealth。 That this fine romance; the
  details of which are so full of poetical truth; and so utterly destitute of all
  show of historical truth; came originally from some lay which had often
  been     sung   with    great   applause    at  banquets     is  in  the   highest    degree
  probable。 Nor is it difficult to imagine a mode in which the transmission
  might   have   taken   place。   The   celebrated   Quintus   Fabius   Maximus;   who
  died about twenty years before the First Punic War; and more than forty
  years     before    Ennius    was    born;   is  said   to   have    been    interred   with
  extraordinary pomp。 In the eulogy pronounced over his body all the great
  exploits