第 1 节
作者:闪啊闪      更新:2023-08-28 11:48      字数:9322
  Lays of Ancient Rome
  Lays of Ancient Rome
  By Thomas Babbington Macaulay
  1
  … Page 2…
  Lays of Ancient Rome
  Preface
  Horatius       The Lay
  The Battle of the Lake Regillus             The Lay
  Virginia       The Lay
  The Prophecy of Capys             The Lay
  That   what   is   called   the   history   of   the   Kings   and   early   Consuls   of
  Rome is to a great extent fabulous; few scholars have; since the time of
  Beaufort; ventured to deny。 It is certain that; more than three hundred and
  sixty years after the date ordinarily assigned for the foundation of the city;
  the   public   records   were;   with   scarcely   an   exception;   destroyed   by   the
  Gauls。   It   is  certain   that  the   oldest   annals   of   the  commonwealth         were
  compiled   more   than   a   century   and   a   half   after   this   destruction   of   the
  records。 It is certain; therefore; that the great Latin writers of the Augustan
  age did not possess those materials; without which a trustworthy account
  of the infancy of the republic could not possibly be framed。 Those writers
  own; indeed; that the chronicles to which they had access were filled with
  battles that were never fought; and Consuls that were never inaugurated;
  and we have abundant proof that; in these chronicles; events of the greatest
  importance; such as the issue of the war with Porsena and the issue of the
  war      with     Brennus;      were      grossly     misrepresented。        Under      these
  circumstances   a   wise   man   will   look   with   great   suspicion   on   the   legend
  which   has   come   down   to   us。   He   will   perhaps   be   inclined   to   regard   the
  princes who are said to have founded the civil and religious institutions of
  Rome; the sons of Mars; and the husband of Egeria; as mere mythological
  personages; of the same class with Perseus and Ixion。 As he draws nearer
  to the confines of authentic history; he will become less and less hard of
  belief。 He will admit   that the most important parts of the narrative have
  some   foundation   in   truth。   But   he   will   distrust   almost   all   the   details;   not
  only because they seldom rest on any solid evidence; but also because he
  will   constantly   detect   in   them;   even   when   they   are   within   the   limits   of
  physical   possibility;   that   peculiar   character;   more   easily   understood   than
  defined;   which   distinguishes   the   creations   of   the   imagination   from   the
  realities of the world in which we live。
  2
  … Page 3…
  Lays of Ancient Rome
  The early history of Rome is indeed far more poetical than anything
  else in   Latin literature。 The loves   of the Vestal   and   the   God   of War;  the
  cradle     laid  among      the  reeds    of  Tiber;   the   fig…tree;   the   she…wolf;    the
  shepherd's   cabin;   the   recognition;   the   fratricide;  the   rape   of   the   Sabines;
  the death of Tarpeia;  the fall of Hostus   Hostilius; the struggle of   Mettus
  Curtius   through   the   marsh;   the   women   rushing   with   torn   raiment   and
  dishevelled      hair   between     their  fathers    and   their  husbands;      the  nightly
  meetings   of   Numa   and   the   Nymph   by   the   well   in   the   sacred   grove;   the
  fight    of  the   three   Romans      and   the  three   Albans;     the  purchase     of  the
  Sibylline books; the crime of Tullia; the simulated madness of Brutus; the
  ambiguous   reply   of   the   Delphian   oracle   to   the   Tarquins;   the   wrongs   of
  Lucretia; the heroic actions of Horatius Cocles; of Scaevola; and of Cloelia;
  the battle of Regillus won by the aid of Castor and Pollux; the defense of
  Cremera; the touching story of Coriolanus; the still more touching story of
  Virginia; the wild legend about the draining of the Alban lake; the combat
  between   Valerius       Corvus   and     the   gigantic   Gaul;   are   among   the     many
  instances which will at once suggest themselves to every reader。
  In   the   narrative   of   Livy;   who   was   a   man   of   fine   imagination;   these
  stories retain much of their genuine character。 Nor could even the tasteless
  Dionysius distort and mutilate them into mere prose。 The poetry shines; in
  spite    of  him;    through    the   dreary    pedantry     of  his  eleven    books。    It  is
  discernible in the most tedious and in the most superficial modern works
  on   the   early   times   of   Rome。   It   enlivens   the   dulness   of   the    Universal
  History;     and    gives    a   charm     to   the   most     meagre     abridgements        of
  Goldsmith。
  Even in the   age of   Plutarch there   were   discerning   men   who   rejected
  the   popular   account   of   the   foundation   of   Rome;   because   that   account
  appeared to them to have the air; not of a history; but of a romance or a
  drama。     Plutarch;    who     was   displeased     at  their  incredulity;    had    nothing
  better to say in reply to their arguments than that chance sometimes turns
  poet; and produces trains of events not to be distinguished from the most
  elaborate plots which are constructed by art。 But though the existence of a
  poetical   element   in   the   early   history   of   the   Great   City   was   detected   so
  many ages ago; the first critic who distinctly saw from what source that
  3
  … Page 4…
  Lays of Ancient Rome
  poetical element had been derived was James Perizonius; one of the most
  acute and learned antiquaries of the seventeenth century。 His theory; which
  in   his   own   days   attracted   little   or   no   notice;   was   revived   in   the   present
  generation by Niebuhr; a man who would have been the first writer of his
  time; if   his talent   for   communicating truths   had borne any  proportion   to
  his talent for investigating them。 That theory has been adopted by several
  eminent   scholars   of   our   own   country;   particularly   by   the   Bishop   of   St。
  David's; by Professor Malde; and by the lamented Arnold。 It appears to be
  now   generally   received   by   men   conversant   with   classical   antiquity;   and
  indeed it rests on such strong proofs; both internal and external; that it will
  not   be   easily   subverted。 A  popular   exposition   of   this   theory;   and   of   the
  evidence by  which   it   is supported;   may  not   be   without interest   even   for
  readers who are unacquainted with the ancient languages。
  The Latin literature which has come down to us is of later date than
  the    commencement          of  the   Second      Punic    War;    and   consists    almost
  exclusively of works fashioned on Greek models。 The Latin metres; heroic;
  elegiac; lyric; and dramatic; are of Greek origin。 The best Latin epic poetry
  is the feeble echo of the Iliad   and Odyssey。 The best Latin eclogues   are
  imitations of Theocritus。 The plan of the most finished didactic poem in
  the   Latin   tongue   was   taken   from   Hesiod。   The   Latin   tragedies   are   bad
  copies     of   the   masterpieces      of   Sophocles      and   Euripides。     The    Latin
  philosophy   was   borrowed;   without   alteration;   from   the   Portico   and   the
  Academy; and the great Latin orators constantly proposed to themselves as
  patterns the speeches of Demosthenes and Lysias。
  But there was an earlier Latin literature; a literature truly Latin; which
  has    wholly    perished;    which    had;   indeed    almost    wholly     perished    long
  before those whom we are in the habit of regarding as the greatest Latin
  writers were born。 That literature abounded with metrical romances; such
  as    are   found    in  every    country     where     there   is  much     curiosity    and
  intelligence; but little reading and writing。 All human beings; not utterly
  savage; long for some information about past times; and are delighted by
  narratives which present pictures to the eye of the mind。 But it is only in
  very enlightened communities that books are readily accessible。 Metrical
  composition;       therefore;    which;    in  a  highly   civilized    nation;   is  a  mere
  4
  … Page 5…
  Lays of Ancient Rome
  luxury; is; in nations imperfectly civilized; almost a necessary of life; and
  is valued less on account of the pleasure which it gives to the ear; than on
  account of the help which it gives to the memory。 A man who