idea　that　the　book　was　imperfect　without　one。　　The　books　of　the　Bible　follow　in　orderbut　the　order　not　only　differs　from　ours；　but　differs　in　different　copies。　　The　Apocryphal　books　are　always　included。　　The　New　Testament　usually　follows　on　the　Old　without　any　break；　and　the　book　concludes　with　an　index　of　the　Hebrew　names　and　their　signification　in　Latin；　intended　to　help　preachers　to　the　figurative　meaning　of　the　biblical　types　and　parables。　　The　last　line　of　the　Bible　itself　usually　contains　a　colophon；　in　which　sometimes　the　name　of　the　writer　is　given；　sometimes　the　length　of　time　it　has　taken　him　to　write；　and　sometimes　merely　the　〃Explicit。　Laus　Deo；〃　which　has　found　its　way　into　many　modern　books。　　This　colophon；　which　comes　as　a　rule　immediately　before　the　index；　often　contains　curious　notes；　hexameters　giving　the　names　of　all　the　books；　biographical　or　local　memoranda；　and　should　always　be　looked　for　by　the　collector。　　One　such　line　occurs　to　me。　　It　is　in　a　Bible　written　in　Italy　in　the　thirteenth　century　…
  〃Qui　scripsit　scribat。　　Vergilius　spe　domini　vivat。〃
  Vergilius　was；　no　doubt；　in　this　case　the　scribe。　　The　Latin　and　the　writing　are　often　equally　crabbed。　　In　the　Bodleian　there　is　a　Bible　with　this　colophon　…
  〃Finito　libro　referemus　gratias　Christo　m。lxv。　indict。　viij。　Ego　Lafracus　de　Pacis　de　Cmoa　scriptor　scripsi。〃
  This　was　also　written　in　Italy。　　English　colophons　are　often　very　quaint〃Qui　scripsit　hunc　librum　fiat　collocatus　in　Paradisum；〃　is　an　example。　　The　following　gives　us　the　name　of　one　Master　Gerard；　who；　in　the　fourteenth　century；　thus　poetically　described　his　ownership：…
  〃Si　Ge　ponaturet　rar　simul　associatur　…　Et　dus　reddaturcui　pertinet　ita　vocatur。〃
  In　a　Bible　written　in　England；　in　the　British　Museum；　there　is　a　long　colophon；　in　which；　after　the　name　of　the　writer〃hunc　librum　scripsit　Wills　de　Hales；〃there　is　a　prayer　for　Ralph　of　Nebham；　who　had　called　Hales　to　the　writing　of　the　book；　followed　by　a　date…　…〃Fes。　fuit　liber　anno　M。i。　quarto　ab　incarnatione　domini。〃　　In　this　Bible　the　books　of　the　New　Testament　were　in　the　following　order：…　the　Evangelists；　the　Acts；　the　Epistles　of　S。　Peter；　S。　James；　and　S。　John；　the　Epistles　of　S。　Paul；　and　the　Apocalypse。　　In　a　Bible　at　Brussels　I　found　the　colophon　after　the　index：…　〃Hic　expliciunt　interpretationes　Hebrayorum　nominum　Do　gris　qui　potens　est　p。　sup。　omia。〃　　Some　of　these　Bibles　are　of　marvellously　small　dimensions。　　The　smallest　I　ever　saw　was　at　Ghent；　but　it　was　very　imperfect。　　I　have　one　in　which　there　are　thirteen　lines　of　writing　in　an　inch　of　the　column。　　The　order　of　the　books　of　the　New　Testament　in　Bibles　of　the　thirteenth　century　is　usually　according　to　one　or　other　of　the　three　following　arrangements：…
  （1。）　　The　Evangelists；　Romans　to　Hebrews；　Acts；　Epistles　of　S。　Peter；　S。　James；　and　S。　John；　Apocalypse。
  （2。）　　The　Evangelists；　Acts；　Epistles　of　S。　Peter；　S。　James；　and　S。　John；　Epistles　of　S。　Paul；　Apocalypse。　　This　is　the　most　common。
  （3。）　　The　Evangelists；　Acts；　Epistles　of　S。　Peter；　S。　James；　and　S。　John；　Apocalypse；　and　Epistles　of　S。　Paul。
  On　the　fly　leaves　of　these　old　Bibles　there　are　often　very　curious　inscriptions。　　In　one　I　have　this：…　〃Haec　biblia　emi　Haquinas　prior　monasterii　Hatharbiensis　de　dono　domini　regis　Norwegie。〃　　Who　was　this　King　of　Norway　who；　in　1310；　gave　the　Prior　of　Hatherby　money　to　buy　a　Bible；　which　was　probably　written　at　Canterbury？　　And　who　was　Haquinas？　　His　name　has　a　Norwegian　sound；　and　reminds　us　of　St。　Thomas　of　that　surname。　　In　another　manuscript　I　have　seen
  〃Articula　Fidei：…　Nascitur；　abluitur；　patitur；　descendit　at　ima　Surgit　et　ascendit；　veniens　discernere　cuncta。〃
  In　another　this：…
  〃Sacramenta　ecclesiae：…　Abluo；　fumo；　cibo；　piget；　ordinat；　uxor　et　ungit。〃
  I　will　conclude　these　notes　on　MS。　Bibles　with　the　following　colophon　from　a　copy　written　in　Italy　in　the　fifteenth　century：…
  〃Finito　libro　vivamus　semper　in　Christo　…　Si　semper　in　Christo　carebimus　ultimo　leto。　Explicit　Deo　gratias；　Amen。　　Stephanus　de　Tantaldis　scripsit　in　pergamo。〃
  2。　　The　〃Psalter〃　of　the　thirteenth　century　is　usually　to　be　considered　a　forerunner　of　the　〃Book　of　Hours。〃　　It　always　contains；　and　usually　commences　with；　a　Calendar；　in　which　are　written　against　certain　days　the　〃obits〃　of　benefactors　and　others；　so　that　a　well…　filled　Psalter　often　becomes　a　historical　document　of　high　value　and　importance。　　The　first　page　of　the　psalms　is　ornamented　with　a　huge　B；　which　often　fills　the　whole　page；　and　contains　a　representation　of　David　and　Goliath　ingeniously　fitted　to　the　shape　of　the　letter。　At　the　end　are　usually　to　be　found　the　hymns　of　the　Three　Children；　and　others　from　the　Bible　together　with　the　Te　Deum；　and　sometimes；　in　late　examples；　a　litany。　　In　some　psalters　the　calendar　is　at　the　end。　　These　Psalters；　and　the　Bibles　described　above；　are　very　frequently　of　English　work；　more　frequently；　that　is；　than　the　books　of　Hours　and　Missals。　　The　study　of　the　Scriptures　was　evidently　more　popular　in　England　than　in　the　other　countries　of　Europe　during　the　Middle　Ages；　and　the　early　success　of　the　Reformers　here；　must　in　part；　no　doubt；　be　attributed　to　the　wide　circulation　of　the　Bible　even　before　it　had　been　translated　from　the　Latin。　　I　need　hardly；　perhaps；　observe　that　even　fragments　of　a　Psalter；　a　Testament；　or　a　Bible　in　English；　are　so　precious　as　to　be　practically　invaluable。
  3。　　We　are　indebted　to　Sir　W。　Tite　for　the　following　collation　of　a　Flemish　〃Book　of　Hours〃：…
  1。　　The　Calendar。
  2。　　Gospels　of　the　Nativity　and　the　Resurrection。
  3。　　Preliminary　Prayers　（inserted　occasionally）。
  4。　　Horae（Nocturns　and　Matins）。
  5。　　（Lauds）。
  6。　　（Prime）。
  7。　　（Tierce）。
  8。　　（Sexte）。
  9。　　（None）。
  10。　　（Vespers）。
  11。　　（Compline）。
  12。　　The　seven　penitential　Psalms
  13。　　The　Litany。
  14。　　Hours　of　the　Cross。
  15。　　Hours　of　the　Holy　Spirit。
  16。　　Office　of　the　Dead。
  17。　　The　Fifteen　Joys　of　B。　V。　M。
  18。　　The　seven　requests　to　our　Lord。
  19。　　Prayers　and　Suffrages　to　various　Saints。
  20。　　Several　prayers；　petitions；　and　devotions。
  This　is　an　unusually　full　example；　but　the　calendar；　the　hours；　the　seven　psalms；　and　the　litany；　are　in　almost　all　the　MSS。　　The　buyer　must　look　carefully　to　see　that　no　miniatures　have　been　cut　out；　but　it　is　only　by　counting　the　leaves　in　their　gatherings　that　he　can　make　sure。　　This　is　often　impossible　without　breaking　the　binding。
  The　most　valuable　〃Horae〃　are　those　written　in　England。　　Some　are　of　the　English　use　（Sarum　or　York；　or　whatever　it　may　happen　to　be）；　but　were　written　abroad；　especially　in　Normandy；　for　the　English　market。　　These　are　also　valuable；　even　when　imperfect。　　Look　for　the　page　before　the　commencement　of　the　Hours　（No。　4　in　the　list　above）；　and　at　the　end　will　be　found　a　line　in　red；〃Incipit　Horae　secundum　usum　Sarum；〃　or　otherwise；　as　the　case　may　be。
  4。　　Missals　do　not　often　occur；　and　are　not　only　very　valuable　but　very　difficult　to　collate；　unless　furnished　with　catch…words　or　signatures。　　But　no　Missal　is　complete　without　the　Canon　of　the　Mass；　usually　in　the　middle　of　the　book；　and　if　there　are　any　illuminations　throughout　the　volume；　there　will　be　a　full　page　Crucifixion；　facing　the　Canon。　　Missals　of　large　size　and　completeness　contain（1）　a　Calendar；　（2）　〃the　proper　of　the　Season；〃　（3）　the　ordinary　and　Canon　of　the　Mass；　（4）　the　Communal　of　Saints；　（5）　the　proper　of　Saints　and　special　occasions；　（6）　the　lessons；　epistles；　and　gospels；　with　（7）　some　hymns；　〃proses；〃　and　canticles。　　This　is　Sir　W。　Tite's　list；　but；　as　he　remarks；　MS。　Missals　seldom　contain　so　much。　　The　collector　will　look　for　the　Canon；　which　is　invariable。
  Breviaries　run　to　an　immense　length；　and　are　seldom　illuminated。　　It　would　be　impossible　to　give　them　any　kind　of　collation；　and　the　same　may　be　said　of　many　other　kinds　of　old　service…books；　and　of　the　chronicles；　poems；　romances；　and　herbals；　in　which　mediaeval　literature　abounded；　and　which　the　collector　must　judge　as　best　he　can。
  The　name　of　〃missal〃　is　commonly　and　falsely　given　to　all　old　service…books　by　the　booksellers；　but　the　collector　will　easily　distinguish　one　when　he　sees　it；　from　the　notes　I　have　given。　　In　a　Sarum　Missal；　at　Alnwick；　there　is　a　colophon　quoted　by　my　lamented　friend　Dr。　Rock　in　his　〃Textile　Fabrics。〃　　It　is　appropriate　both　to　the　labours　of　the　old　scribes　and　also　to　those　of　their　modern　readers：…
  〃Librum　ScribendoJon　Whas　Monachus　laborabat　…　Et　mane　Surgendomultum　corpus　macerabat。〃
  It　is　one　of　the　charms　of　manuscripts　that　they　illustrate；　in　their　minute　way；　all　the　art；　and　even　the　social　condition；　of　the　period　in　which　they　were　produced。　　Apostles；　saints；　and　prophets　wear　the　contemporary　costume；　and　Jonah；　when　thrown　to　the　hungry　whale；　wears　doublet　and　trunk　hose。　　The　ornaments　illustrate　the　architectural　taste　of　the　day。　　The　backgrounds　change　from　diapered　patterns　to　landscapes；　as　the　modern　way　of　looking　at　nature　penetrates　the　monasteries　and　reaches　the　scriptorium　where　the　illuminator　sits　and　refreshes　his　eyes　with　the　sight　of　the　slender　trees　and　blue　distant　hills。　　Printed　books　have　not　such　resources。　　They　can　only　show