the　cook；　was　in　slavery　more　than　forty　years；　and　the　self…
  satisfied　wench；　the　last　of　the　group；　is　the　little　baby's
  American　nurse…maid。　　In　the　middle　distance　my　mother…in…law's
  coachman　（up　on　errand）　has　taken　a　position　unsolicited　to　help　out
  the　picture。　　No；　that　is　not　true。　　He　was　waiting　there　a　minute
  or　two　before　the　photographer　came。　　In　the　extreme　background；
  under　the　archway；　you　glimpse　my　study。
  The　〃new　baby；〃　〃Bay；〃　as　they　came　to　call　her；　was　another　little
  daughter；　born　in　June；　a　happy；　healthy　addition　to　the　household。
  In　a　letter　written　to　Twichell　we　get　a　sweet　summer　picture　of　this
  period；　particularly　of　little　sunny…haired；　two…year…old　Susy。
  There　is　nothing　selfish　about　the　Modoc。　　She　is　fascinated　with
  the　new　baby。　　The　Modoc　rips　and　tears　around　outdoors　most　of　the
  time；　and　consequently　is　as　hard　as　a　pineknot　and　as　brown　as　an
  Indian。　　She　is　bosom　friend　to　all　the　chickens；　ducks；　turkeys；
  and　guinea…hens　on　the　place。　　Yesterday；　as　she　marched　along　the
  winding　path　that　leads　up　the　hill　through　the　red…clover　beds　to
  the　summer…house；　there　was　a　long　procession　of　these　fowls
  stringing　contentedly　after　her；　led　by　a　stately　rooster；　who　can
  look　over　the　Modoc's　head。　　The　devotion　of　these　vassals　has　been
  purchased　with　daily　largess　of　Indian　meal；　and　so　the　Modoc；
  attended　by　her　body…guard；　moves　in　state　wherever　she　goes。
  There　were　days；　mainly　Sundays；　when　he　did　not　work　at　all；　peaceful
  days　of　lying　fallow；　dreaming　in　shady　places；　drowsily　watching　little
  Susy；　or　reading　with　Mrs。　Clemens。　　Howells's　〃Foregone　Conclusion〃　was
  running　in　the　Atlantic　that　year；　and　they　delighted　in　it。　　Clemens
  wrote　the　author：
  I　should　think　that　this　must　be　the　daintiest；　truest；　most
  admirable　workmanship　that　was　ever　put　on　a　story。　　The　creatures
  of　God　do　not　act　out　their　natures　more　unerringly　than　yours　do。
  If　your　genuine　stories　can　die　I　wonder　by　what　right　old　Walter
  Scott's　artificialities　shall　continue　to　live。
  At　other　times　he　found　comfort　in　the　society　of　Theodore　Crane。　　These
  two　were　always　fond　of　each　other；　and　often　read　together　the　books　in
  which　they　were　mutually　interested。　　They　had　portable…hammock
  arrangements；　which　they　placed　side　by　side　on　the　lawn；　and　read　and
  discussed　through　summer　afternoons。　　The　'Mutineers　of　the　Bounty'　was
  one　of　the　books　they　liked　best；　and　there　was　a　story　of　an　Iceland
  farmer；　a　human　document；　that　had　an　unfading　interest。　　Also　there　were
  certain　articles　in　old　numbers　of　the　Atlantic　that　they　read　and
  reread。　　'Pepys'　Diary'；　'Two　Years　Before　the　Mast'；　and　a　book　on　the
  Andes　were　reliable　favorites。　　Mark　Twain　read　not　so　many　books；　but
  read　a　few　books　often。　　Those　named　were　among　the　literature　he　asked
  for　each　year　of　his　return　to　Quarry　Farm。　　Without　them；　the　farm　and
  the　summer　would　not　be　the　same。
  Then　there　was　'Lecky's　History　of　European　Morals'；　there　were　periods
  when　they　read　Lecky　avidly　and　discussed　it　in　original　and　unorthodox
  ways。　　Mark　Twain　found　an　echo　of　his　own　philosophies　in　Lecky。　　He
  made　frequent　marginal　notes　along　the　pages　of　the　world's　moral
  historynotes　not　always　quotable　in　the　family　circle。　　Mainly；
  however；　they　were　short；　crisp　interjections　of　assent　or　disapproval。
  In　one　place　Lecky　refers　to　those　who　have　undertaken　to　prove　that　all
  our　morality　is　a　product　of　experience；　holding　that　a　desire　to　obtain
  happiness　and　to　avoid　pain　is　the　only　possible　motive　to　action；　the
  reason；　and　the　only　reason；　why　we　should　perform　virtuous　actions　being
  〃that　on　the　whole　such　a　course　will　bring　us　the　greatest　amount　of
  happiness。〃　　Clemens　has　indorsed　these　philosophies　by　writing　on　the
  margin；　〃　Sound　and　true。〃　　It　was　the　philosophy　which　he　himself　would
  always　hold　（though；　apparently；　never　live　by）；　and　in　the　end　would
  embody　a　volume　of　his　own。＇What　Is　Man？　　Privately　printed　in　1906。＇
  In　another　place　Lecky；　himself　speaking；　says：
  Fortunately　we　are　all　dependent　for　many　of　our　pleasures　on
  others。　　Co…operation　and　organization　are　essential　to　our
  happiness；　and　these　are　impossible　without　some　restraint　being
  placed　upon　our　appetites。　　Laws　are　made　to　secure　this　restraint；
  and　being　sustained　by　rewards；　and　punishments　they　make　it　the
  interest　of　the　individual　to　regard　that　of　the　community。
  〃Correct！〃　comments　Clemens。　　〃He　has　proceeded　from　unreasoned
  selfishness　to　reasoned　selfishness。　　All　our　acts；　reasoned　and
  unreasoned；　are　selfish。〃　　It　was　a　conclusion　he　logically　never
  departed　from；　not　the　happiest　one；　it　would　seem；　at　first　glance；　but
  one　easier　to　deny　than　to　disprove。
  On　the　back　of　an　old　envelope　Mark　Twain　set　down　his　literary
  declaration　of　this　period。
  〃I　like　history；　biography；　travels；　curious　facts　and　strange
  happenings；　and　science。　　And　I　detest　novels；　poetry；　and　theology。〃
  But　of　course　the　novels　of　Howells　would　be　excepted；　Lecky　was　not
  theology；　but　the　history　of　it；　his　taste　for　poetry　would　develop
  later；　though　it　would　never　become　a　fixed　quantity；　as　was　his　devotion
  to　history　and　science。　　His　interest　in　these　amounted　to　a　passion。
  XCV
  AN　〃ATLANTIC〃　STORY　AND　A　PLAY
  The　reference　to　〃Auntie　Cord〃　in　the　letter　to　Dr。　Brown　brings　us　to
  Mark　Twain's　first　contribution　to　the　Atlantic　Monthly。　　Howells　in　his
  Recollections　of　his　Atlantic　editorship；　after　referring　to　certain
  Western　contributors；　says：
  Later　came　Mark　Twain；　originally　of　Missouri；　but　then
  provisionally　of　Hartford；　and　now　ultimately　of　the　solar　system；
  not　to　say　the　universe。　　He　came　first　with　〃A　True　Story；〃　one　of
  those　noble　pieces　of　humanity　with　which　the　South　has　atoned
  chiefly；　if　not　solely；　through　him　for　all　its　despite　to　the
  negro。
  Clemens　had　long　aspired　to　appear　in　the　Atlantic；　but　such　was　his　own
  rating　of　his　literature　that　he　hardly　hoped　to　qualify　for　its　pages。
  Twichell　remembers　his　〃mingled　astonishment　and　triumph〃　when　he　was
  invited　to　send　something　to　the　magazine。
  He　was　obliged　to　〃send　something〃　once　or　twice　before　the　acceptance　of
  〃A　True　Story；〃　the　narrative　of　Auntie　Cord；　and　even　this　acceptance
  brought　with　it　the　return　of　a　fable　which　had　accompanied　it；　with　the
  explanation　that　a　fable　like　that　would　disqualify　the　magazine　for
  every　denominational　reader；　though　Howells　hastened　to　express　his　own
  joy　in　it；　having　been　particularly　touched　by　the　author's　reference　to
  Sisyphus　and　Atlas　as　ancestors　of　the　tumble…bug。　　The　〃True　Story；〃　he
  said；　with　its　〃realest　king　of　black　talk；〃　won　him；　and　a　few　days
  later　he　wrote　again：　〃This　little　story　delights　me　more　and　more。　　I
  wish　you　had　about　forty　of　'em。〃
  And　so；　modestly　enough；　as　became　him；　for　the　story　was　of　the
  simplest；　most　unpretentious　sort；　Mark　Twain　entered　into　the　school　of
  the　elect。
  In　his　letter　to　Howells；　accompanying　the　MS。；　the　author　said：
  I　inclose　also　〃A　True　Story；〃　which　has　no　humor　in　it。　　You　can
  pay　as　lightly　as　you　choose　for　that　if　you　want　it；　for　it　is
  rather　out　of　my　line。　　I　have　not　altered　the　old　colored　woman's
  story；　except　to　begin　it　at　the　beginning；　instead　of　the　middle；
  as　she　didand　traveled　both　ways。
  Howells　in　his　Recollections　tells　of　the　business　anxiety　in　the
  Atlantic　office　in　the　effort　to　estimate　the　story's　pecuniary　value。
  Clemens　and　Harte　had　raised　literary　rates　enormously；　the　latter　was
  reputed　to　have　received　as　much　as　five　cents　a　word　from　affluent
  newspapers！　　But　the　Atlantic　was　poor；　and　when　sixty　dollars　was
  finally　decided　upon　for　the　three　pages　（about　two　and　a　half　cents　a
  word）　the　rate　was　regarded　as　handsomewithout　precedent　in　Atlantic
  history。　　Howells　adds　that　as　much　as　forty　times　this　amount　was
  sometimes　offered　to　Mark　Twain　in　later　years。　　Even　in　'74　he　had
  received　a　much　higher　rate　than　that　offered　by　the　Atlantic；but　no
  acceptance；　then；　or　later；　ever　made　him　happier；　or　seemed　more　richly
  rewarded。
  〃A　True　Story；　Repeated　Word　for　Word　as　I　Heard　It　〃　was　precisely　what
  it　claimed　to　be。　＇Atlantic　Monthly　for　November；　1874；　also　included
  in　Sketches　New　and　Old。＇　Auntie　Cord；　the　Auntie　Rachel　of　that　tale；
  cook　at　Quarry　Farm；　was　a　Virginia　negress　who　had　been　twice　sold　as　a
  slave；　and　was　proud　of　the　fact；　particularly　proud　that　she　had　brought
  1；000　on　the　block。　　All　her　children　had　been　sold　away　from　her；　but
  it　was　a　long　time　ago；　and　now　at　sixty　she　was　fat　and　seemingly
  without　care。　　She　had　told　her　story　to　Mrs。　Crane；　who　had　more　than
  once　tried　to　persuade　her　to　tell　it　to　Clemens；　but　Auntie　Cord　was
  reluctant。　　One　evening；　however；　when　the　family　sat　on　the　front
  veranda　in　the　moonlight；　looking　down　on　the　picture　city；　as　was　their
  habit；　Auntie　Cord　came　around　to　say　good　night；　and　Clemens　engaged　her
  in　conversation。　　He　led　up　to　he