is　mere　striving　and；　therefore；　a　pressure　directed　towards　the　centre　lying　outside　of　them。
  §　214。
  The　separation　of　the　immediate　connection　in　which　such　a　body　rests　is　a　contingent　condition；
  which　the　body；　if　confronted　with　an　external　impediment；　suspends　as　motion；　…　relatively　free
  motion　in　which　the　distancing　from　the　body　is　not　attributed　as　dependent；　but　the　motion；　if　the
  impediment　is　removed；　is　immanent　to　the　body　and　a　manifestation　of　its　own　gravity。　This
  motion　transforms　itself　for　itself　into　rest。
  The　attractive　force　of　the　sun；　for　example　towards　the　planets；　or　of　the　earth　towards　those
  independent　bodies　belonging　to　it；　seems　to　suggest　the　skewed　view　that　the　force　would　be　an
  activity　inhabiting　the　central　body；　and　that　the　bodies　found　in　its　sphere　would　behave　only
  passively　and　externally。　Thus　absolute　motion　is　also　viewed；　through　the　application　of　terms
  from　common　mechanics；　as　the　dead　conflict　of　an　independent；　tangential　force　and　of　a　force
  deriving　equally　independently　from　the　middle　point；　from　which　the　body　would　be　passively
  drawn。
  The　Galilean　law　of　falling；　namely；　that　traversed　spaces　behave　as　the　squares　of　transpired
  times；　shows；　in　contrast　to　the　abstract；　homogeneous　velocity　of　the　lifeless　mechanism；　where
  spaces　are　proportional　to　times；　the　liberation　of　the　conceptual　determinations　of　time　and　space。
  In　these　terms　the　former　has　the　determination　of　the　root　as　the　negative　moment　or　principle　of
  one；　whereas　the　latter　has　the　determination　of　the　square　as　a　being　outside　of　itself　more
  specifically；　without　another　determinacy　like　that　of　the　root；　a　coming　outside　of　itself。　In　this　law
  both　moments　still　remain　in　the　relation；　because　the　freedom　of　motion　in　falling；　which　is　also
  conditioned；　is　only　formal。　By　contrast；　in　absolute　motion　there　is　the　relation　in　its　totality；　since
  this　is　the　realm　of　free　measures　in　which　each　determinacy　attains　its　totality。　Because　the　law　is
  essentially　relational；　time　and　space　are　retained　in　their　original　difference。　Dimensionless　time
  achieves　therefore　only　a　formal　identity　with　itself；　space；　on　the　other　hand；　as　positive　being
  outside　of　itself　achieves　the　dimension　of　the　concept。　The　Keplerian　law　is　thus　the　relation　of　the
  cubes　of　the　distances　to　the　squares　of　the　times；…a　law　which　is　so　great　because　it　simply　and
  directly　depicts　the　reason　of　the　thing。　The　Newtonian　formula；　however；　which　transforms　it　into
  a　law　for　the　force　of　gravity；　exhibits　only　the　perversion　and　inversion　of　reflection　which　has
  stopped　halfway。
  §　215。
  （3）　In　the　extremity　of　dependent　bodies；　general　gravitation；　which　bodies　have　as　matter　toward
  each　other；　is　subordinated　to　the　gravitation　which　they　have　towards　their　shared　central　bodies。
  Towards　each　other；　then；　their　motion　is　external　and　contingent；　the　cause　of　the　motion　is　thrust
  and　pressure。　In　this　common　mechanical　motion　the　size　of　the　mass；　which　has　no　meaning　in　the
  fall；　and　the　resistance；　which　the　size　achieves　through　its　particular　constitution；　are　moments　of
  determination。　But　because　this　motion　contradicts　the　essential　relation　of　the　dependent　body；
  namely；　that　relation　to　its　central　body；　it　suspends　itself　through　itself　in　rest。　This　necessity　of　the
  concept　appears；　however；　in　the　sphere　of　externality；　as　an　external　impediment　or　friction。
  The　law　of　inertia　is　initially　taken　from　the　nature　of　the　motion　of　dependent　bodies；　for　which　the
  motion；　because　it　involves　the　difference　from　themselves　for　themselves；　is　external。　But
  precisely　for　this　reason　rest　is　immanent　to　the　bodies；　namely；　the　identity　with　the　centre　lying
  outside　of　them。　Their　motion　converts　therefore　essentially　into　rest；　but　not　into　absolute　rest；
  rather　into　the　pressure　of　striving　towards　their　centre。　This　centre；　if　it　is　to　be　seen　as　a　striving
  moment；　is　at　the　least　the　transformation　of　that　external　movement　into　the　striving　which
  constitutes　the　nature　of　the　body。
  The　individual　impediment；　or　the　general　one；　the　friction；　is　external；　to　be　sure；　but　also
  necessary。　It　is　the　manifestation　of　that　transition　posited　by　the　concept　of　the　dependent　body。
  And　precisely　this　can　also　be　found　in　consideration　of　the　pendulum；　the　motion　of　which；　it　is
  said；　would　continue　without　stopping　if　friction　could　be　removed。
  For　itself　the　law　of　inertia　expresses　nothing　but　the　fixation　of　the　understanding　on　the
  abstractions　of　rest　and　motion；　which　state　that　rest　is　only　rest　and　motion　is　only　motion。　The
  transformation　of　these　abstractions　into　each　other；　which　is　the　concept；　is　for　the　understanding
  something　external。　This　law　of　inertia；　together　with　thrust；　attraction；　and　other　determinations
  have　been　inadmissibly　transposed　from　common　mechanics　into　absolute　mechanics；　where
  motion　is　rather　to　be　found　in　its　free　concept。
  §　216。
  The　difference　between　central　and　dependent　bodies　is　in　the　implicit　being　of　gravity；　whose
  identical　nature　is　its　existence。　The　dependent　body　has　the　beginning　of　the　real　difference　as　the
  being　outside　of　itself　of　the　gravity　identical　to　itself；　the　dependent　body　has　only　a　negative
  centre　and　therefore　can　only　move　around　the　centre　simply　as　mass。　The　determinacy　of　its
  motion　is　not　in　and　for　itself　but　refers　back　to　a　factor　which　is　the　mass　of　the　other；　so　that　their
  sizes　can　be　exchanged；　and　the　motion　remains　the　same。
  §　217。
  This　externality　of　determinate　being　constitutes　the　special　determinacy　of　matter。　But　in　this　it
  does　not　remain　limited　by　a　quantitative　difference；　rather　the　difference　is　essentially　a　qualitative
  one；　so　that　the　determinacy　of　matter　constitutes　its　being。
  The　empty　abstraction　of　formless　matter　contains　a　merely　quantitative　difference　and　views　its
  further　determinacy　as　a　form　inessential　to　it。　Even　the　forces　of　attraction　and　repulsion　are
  supposed　to　influence　it　externally。　Since　it　is　the　concept　positing　itself　outside　of　itself　it　is　so
  identical　to　the　specific　form　that　the　form　constitutes　its　special　nature。
  B。
  Elementary　Physics
  §　218。
  Gravity；　as　the　essence　of　matter　existing　in　itself　only　inner　identity；　transforms；　since　its　concept　is
  the　essential　externality；　into　the　manifestation　of　the　essence。　As　such　it　is　the　totality　of　the
  determinations　of　reflection；　but　these　as　thrown　apart　from　each　other；　so　that　each　appears　as
  particular；　qualified　matter　which；　not　yet　determined　as　individuality；　is　a　formless　element。
  The　determination　of　an　element　is　the　being　for　itself　of　matter　as　it　finds　its　point　of　unity　in　the
  concept；　though　this　does　not　yet　have　to　do　with　the　determination　of　a　physical　element；　which　is
  still　real　matter；　a　totality　of　its　qualities　existing　in　itself。
  （a）　Elementary　Particles
  §　219。
  （1）　Matter　in　its　first　elementary　state　is　pure　identity；　not　inwardly；　but　as　existing；　that　is；　the
  relation　to　itself　determined　as　independent　in　contrast　to　the　other　determinations　of　totality。　This
  existing　self　of　matter　is　light。
  §　220。
  As　the　abstract　self　of　matter；　light　is　absolutely　lightweight；　and　as　matter；　infinite；　but　as　material
  ideality　it　is　inseparable　and　simple　being　outside　of　itself。
  In　the　Oriental　intuition　of　the　substantial　unity　of　the　spiritual　and　the　natural；　the　pure　selfhood　of
  consciousness；　thought　identical　with　itself　as　the　abstraction　of　the　true　and　the　good　is　one　with
  light。　When　the　conception　which　has　been　called　realistic　denies　that　ideality　is　present　in　nature；　it
  need　only　be　referred　to　light；　to　that　pure　manifestation　which　is　nothing　but　manifestation。
  Heavy　matter　is　divisible　into　masses；　since　it　is　concrete　identity　and　quantity；　but　in　the　highly
  abstract　ideality　of　light　there　is　no　such　distinction；　a　limitation　of　light　in　its　infinite　expansion　does
  not　suspend　its　absolute　connection。　The　conception　of　discrete；　simple；　rays　of　light；　and　of
  particles　and　bundles　of　them　which　are　supposed　to　constitute　light　in　its　limited　expansion；
  belongs　among　the　rest　of　the　conceptual　barbarism　which　has；　particularly　since　Newton；　become
  dominant　in　physics。　The　indivisibility　of　light　in　its　infinite　expansion；　a　reality　outside　of　itself　that
  remains　self…identical；　can　least　of　all　be　treated　as　incomprehensible　by　the　understanding；　for　its
  own　principle　is　rather　this　abstract　identity。
  Astronomers　have　come　to　speak　of　celestial　phenomena　which　are　perceived　by　us　five　hundred
  years　and　more　after　their　actual　occurrence。　In　this　one　can　see；　on　the　one　hand；　empirical
  manifestations　of　the　propagation　of　light；　carried　over　from　a　sphere　where　they　obtain　into
  another　where　they　have　no　meaning；　but　on　the　other　hand　a