wintering　on　the　head　of　the　Missouri；　and　will　be　here　next　autumn。
  Having　been　disappointed　in　our　view　of　sending　an　exploring　party　up
  the　Red　river　the　last　year；　they　were　sent　up　the　Washita；　as　far　as
  the　hot　springs；　under　the　direction　of　Mr。　Dunbar。　　He　found　the
  temperature　of　the　springs　150　degrees　of　Fahrenheit　&　the　water
  perfectly　potable　when　cooled。　　We　obtain　also　the　geography　of　that
  river；　so　far　with　perfect　accuracy。　　Our　party　is　just　at　this　time
  setting　out　from　Natchez　to　ascend　the　Red　river。　　These　expeditions
  are　so　laborious；　&　hazardous；　that　men　of　science；　used　to　the
  temperature　&　inactivity　of　their　closet；　cannot　be　induced　to
  undertake　them。　　They　are　headed　therefore　by　persons　qualified
  expressly　to　give　us　the　geography　of　the　rivers　with　perfect
  accuracy；　and　of　good　common　knolege　and　observation　in　the　animal；
  vegetable　&　mineral　departments。　　When　the　route　shall　be　once　open
  and　known；　scientific　men　will　undertake；　&　verify　&　class　it's
  subjects。　　Our　emigration　to　the　western　country　from　these　states
  the　last　year　is　estimated　at　about　100；000。　　I　conjecture　that　about
  one…half　the　number　of　our　increase　will　emigrate　westwardly
  annually。　　A　newspaper　paragraph　tells　me；　with　some　details；　that
  the　society　of　agriculture　of　Paris　had　thought　a　mould…board　of　my
  construction　worthy　their　notice　&　Mr。　Dupont　confirms　it　in　a
  letter；　but　not　specifying　anything　particular。　　I　send　him　a　model
  with　an　advantageous　change　in　the　form；　in　which　however　the
  principle　is　rigorously　the　same。　　I　mention　this　to　you　lest　he
  should　have　left　France　for　America；　and　I　notice　it　no　otherwise
  lest　there　should　have　been　any　error　in　the　information。　　Present　my
  respectful　salutations　to　Doctr。　Cabanis　&　accept　them　yourself　with
  assurances　of　my　constant　friendship　&　attachment。
  A　NATIONAL　ACADEMY
  _To　Joel　Barlow_
  _Feb。　24；　1806_
  I　return　you　the　draft　of　the　bill　for　the　establishment　of　a
  National　Academy　&　University　at　the　city　of　Washington；　with　such
  alterations　as　we　talked　over　the　last　night。　　They　are　chiefly
  verbal。　　I　have　often　wished　we　could　have　a　Philosophical　society　or
  academy　so　organized　as　that　while　the　central　academy　should　be　at
  the　seat　of　government；　it's　members　dispersed　over　the　states；
  should　constitute　filiated　academies　in　each　state；　publish　their
  communications；　from　which　the　central　academy　should　select
  unpublished　what　should　be　most　choice。　　In　this　way　all　the　members
  wheresoever　dispersed　might　be　brought　into　action；　and　an　useful
  emulation　might　arise　between　the　filiated　societies。　　Perhaps　the
  great　societies　now　existing　might　incorporate　themselves　in　this　way
  with　the　National　one。　　But　time　does　not　allow　me　to　pursue　this
  idea；　nor　perhaps　had　we　time　at　all　to　get　it　into　the　present　bill。
  I　procured　an　Agricultural　society　to　be　established　（voluntarily）　on
  this　plan；　but　it　has　done　nothing。　　Friendly　salutations。
  COURTING　ALEXANDER
  _To　the　Emperor　Alexander_
  _Washington；　April　19；　1806_
  I　owe　an　acknowledgment　to　your　Imperial　Majesty　for　the　great
  satisfaction　I　have　received　from　your　letter　of　Aug。　20；　1805；　and
  embrace　the　opportunity　it　affords　of　giving　expression　to　the
  sincere　respect　and　veneration　I　entertain　for　your　character。　　It
  will　be　among　the　latest　and　most　soothing　comforts　of　my　life；　to
  have　seen　advanced　to　the　government　of　so　extensive　a　portion　of　the
  earth；　and　at　so　early　a　period　of　his　life；　a　sovereign　whose　ruling
  passion　is　the　advancement　of　the　happiness　and　prosperity　of　his
  people；　and　not　of　his　own　people　only；　but　who　can　extend　his　eye
  and　his　good　will　to　a　distant　and　infant　nation；　unoffending　in　its
  course；　unambitious　in　its　views。
  The　events　of　Europe　come　to　us　so　late；　and　so　suspiciously；
  that　observations　on　them　would　certainly　be　stale；　and　possibly　wide
  of　their　actual　state。　　From　their　general　aspect；　however；　I　collect
  that　your　Majesty's　interposition　in　them　has　been　disinterested　and
  generous；　and　having　in　view　only　the　general　good　of　the　great
  European　family。　　When　you　shall　proceed　to　the　pacification　which　is
  to　re…establish　peace　and　commerce；　the　same　dispositions　of　mind
  will　lead　you　to　think　of　the　general　intercourse　of　nations；　and　to
  make　that　provision　for　its　future　maintenance　which；　in　times　past；
  it　has　so　much　needed。　　The　northern　nations　of　Europe；　at　the　head
  of　which　your　Majesty　is　distinguished；　are　habitually　peaceable。
  The　United　States　of　America；　like　them；　are　attached　to　peace。　　We
  have　then　with　them　a　common　interest　in　the　neutral　rights。　　Every
  nation　indeed；　on　the　continent　of　Europe；　belligerent　as　well　as
  neutral；　is　interested　in　maintaining　these　rights；　in　liberalizing
  them　progressively　with　the　progress　of　science　and　refinement　of
  morality；　and　in　relieving　them　from　restrictions　which　the　extension
  of　the　arts　has　long　since　rendered　unreasonable　and　vexatious。
  Two　personages　in　Europe；　of　which　your　Majesty　is　one；　have　it
  in　their　power；　at　the　approaching　pacification；　to　render　eminent
  service　to　nations　in　general；　by　incorporating　into　the　act　of
  pacification；　a　correct　definition　of　the　rights　of　neutrals　on　the
  high　seas。　　Such　a　definition；　declared　by　all　the　powers　lately　or
  still　belligerent；　would　give　to　those　rights　a　precision　and
  notoriety；　and　cover　them　with　an　authority；　which　would　protect　them
  in　an　important　degree　against　future　violation；　and　should　any
  further　sanction　be　necessary；　that　of　an　exclusion　of　the　violating
  nation　from　commercial　intercourse　with　all　the　others；　would　be
  preferred　to　war；　as　more　analogous　to　the　offence；　more　easy　and
  likely　to　be　executed　with　good　faith。　　The　essential　articles　of
  these　rights；　too；　are　so　few　and　simple　as　easily　to　be　defined。
  Having　taken　no　part　in　the　past　or　existing　troubles　of
  Europe；　we　have　no　part　to　act　in　its　pacification。　　But　as
  principles　may　then　be　settled　in　which　we　have　a　deep　interest；　it
  is　a　great　happiness　for　us　that　they　are　placed　under　the　protection
  of　an　umpire；　who；　looking　beyond　the　narrow　bounds　of　an　individual
  nation；　will　take　under　the　cover　of　his　equity　the　rights　of　the
  absent　and　unrepresented。　　It　is　only　by　a　happy　concurrence　of　good
  characters　and　good　occasions；　that　a　step　can　now　and　then　be　taken
  to　advance　the　well…being　of　nations。　　If　the　present　occasion　be
  good；　I　am　sure　your　Majesty's　character　will　not　be　wanting　to　avail
  the　world　of　it。　　By　monuments　of　such　good　offices；　may　your　life
  become　an　epoch　in　the　history　of　the　condition　of　man；　and　may　He
  who　called　it　into　being；　for　the　good　of　the　human　family；　give　it
  length　of　days　and　success；　and　have　it　always　in　His　holy　keeping。
  A　TRIBUTE　OF　GRATITUDE
  _To　Dr。　Edward　Jenner_
  _Monticello；　May　14；　1806_
  SIR；　　I　have　received　a　copy　of　the　evidence　at　large
  respecting　the　discovery　of　the　vaccine　inoculation　which　you　have
  been　pleased　to　send　me；　and　for　which　I　return　you　my　thanks。
  Having　been　among　the　early　converts；　in　this　part　of　the　globe；　to
  its　efficiency；　I　took　an　early　part　in　recommending　it　to　my
  countrymen。　　I　avail　myself　of　this　occasion　of　rendering　you　a
  portion　of　the　tribute　of　gratitude　due　to　you　from　the　whole　human
  family。　　Medicine　has　never　before　produced　any　single　improvement　of
  such　utility。　　Harvey's　discovery　of　the　circulation　of　the　blood　was
  a　beautiful　addition　to　our　knowledge　of　the　animal　economy；　but　on　a
  review　of　the　practice　of　medicine　before　and　since　that　epoch；　I　do
  not　see　any　great　amelioration　which　has　been　derived　from　that
  discovery。　　You　have　erased　from　the　calendar　of　human　afflictions
  one　of　its　greatest。　　Yours　is　the　comfortable　reflection　that
  mankind　can　never　forget　that　you　have　lived。　　Future　nations　will
  know　by　history　only　that　the　loathsome　small…pox　has　existed　and　by
  you　has　been　extirpated。
  Accept　my　fervent　wishes　for　your　health　and　happiness　and
  assurances　of　the　greatest　respect　and　consideration。
  SCHISM　AND　THE　MAJORITY　LEADSHIP
  _To　Barnabas　Bidwell_
  _Washington；　July　5；　1806_
  SIR；　　Your　favor　of　June　the　21st　has　been　duly　received。　　We
  have　not　as　yet　heard　from　General　Skinner　on　the　subject　of　his
  office。　　Three　persons　are　proposed　on　the　most　respectable
  recommendations；　and　under　circumstances　of　such　equality　as　renders
  it　difficult　to　decide　between　them。　　But　it　shall　be　done
  impartially。　　I　sincerely　congratulate　you　on　the　triumph　of
  republicanism　in　Massachusetts。　　The　Hydra　of　federalism　has　now　lost
  all　its　heads　but　two。　　Connecticut　I　think　will　soon　follow
  Massachusetts。　　Del