第 27 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9305
  occurs;     the  questions     that   concern    people    will   cease    to  be   political
  questions; but will be purely questions of economics。〃
  〃Certainly。     And we shall see the disappearance of political parties。
  That     process    is  already   apparent。     In   the   present   huge    Trade    Union
  Conference        there   are   only   sixty    Mensheviks。      The    Communists        are
  82
  … Page 83…
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  swallowing one party after another。 Those who were not drawn over to us
  during   the   period   of   struggle   are   now   joining   us   during   the   process   of
  construction; and we find that our differences now are not political at all;
  but    concerned      only   with    the  practical    details   of   construction。〃      He
  illustrated   this   by   pointing   out   the   present   constitution   of   the   Supreme
  Council of Public Economy。              There are under it fifty…three Departments
  or Centres (Textile; Soap; Wool; Timber; Flax; etc。); each controlled by a
  〃College〃   of   three   or   more   persons。      There   are   232   members   of   these
  Colleges or Boards in all; and of them 83 are workmen; 79 are engineers;
  1 was an ex…director; 50 were from the clerical staff; and 19 unclassified。
  Politically 115 were Communists; 105 were 〃non…party;〃 and 12 were of
  non…Communist parties。           He continued; 〃Further; in swallowing the other
  parties; the Communists themselves will cease to exist as a political party。
  Think only that youths coming to their manhood during this year in Russia
  and in the future will not be able to confirm from their own experience the
  reasoning   of   Karl   Marx;   because   they  will   have   had   no   experience   of   a
  capitalist country。      What can they make of the class struggle?                The class
  struggle   here   is   already   over;   and   the   distinctions   of   class   have   already
  gone   altogether。      In   the old   days;  members   of   our   party  were   men   who
  had   read;   or   tried   to   read;   Marx's   〃Capital;〃   who   knew   the   〃Communist
  Manifesto〃 by heart; and were occupied in continual criticism of the basis
  of capitalist society。      Look at the new
  members of our party。          Marx is quite unnecessary to them。 They join
  us;   not   for   struggle   in   the   interests   of   an   oppressed   class;   but   simply
  because   they   understand   our   aims   in   constructive   work。         And;   as   this
  process continues; we old social democrats shall disappear; and our places
  will   be   filled   by   people   of   entirely   different   character   grown   up   under
  entirely new conditions。〃
  NON…PARTYISM
  Rykov's   prophecies   of   the   disappearance   of   Political   parties   may   be
  falsified by a   development of that very non…partyism on   which he bases
  83
  … Page 84…
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  them。     It   is   true   that   the   parties   openly   hostile   to   the   Communists   in
  Russia     have    practically    disappeared。     Many     old…time    Mensheviks       have
  joined the Communist Party。            Here and there in the country may be found
  a   Social   Revolutionary   stronghold。         Here   and   there   in   the   Ukraine   the
  Mensheviks retain a footing; but I doubt whether either of these parties has
  in it the vitality to make itself once again a serious political factor。               There
  is;   however;     a  movement       which;    in  the   long   run;  may    alter   Russia's
  political complexion。         More and more delegates to Soviets or Congresses
  of   all   kinds   are   explicitly   described   as   〃Non…party。〃      Non…partyism   is
  perhaps   a  sign   of   revolt   against   rigid   discipline   of   any  kind。  Now   and
  then; of course; a clever Menshevik or Social Revolutionary; by trimming
  his sails carefully to the wind; gets himself elected on a non…party ticket。
  'When      this   happens   there   is   usually   a   great   hullabaloo   as   soon   as   he
  declares   himself。       A   section   of   his   electors   agitates   for   his   recall   and
  presently some one else is elected in his stead。             But non…partyism is much
  more      than   a   mere    cloak    of  invisibility    for   enemies     or   conditional
  supporters of the Communists。              I know of considerable country districts
  which;      in  the   face    of  every    kind    of   agitation;   insist   on   returning
  exclusively non…party delegates。             The local Soviets in these districts are
  also     non…party;    and    they    elect   usually    a   local   Bolshevik      to  some
  responsible post to act as it were as a buffer between themselves and the
  central
  authority。     They manage local affairs in their own way; and; through
  the    use   of  tact   on   both   sides;   avoid    falling   foul   of  the   more    rigid
  doctrinaires in Moscow。
  Eager    reactionaries    outside    Russia     will  no   doubt    point    to  non…
  partyism as a symptom of friendship for themselves。                   It is nothing of the
  sort。    On all questions of the defense of the Republic the non…party voting
  is invariably solid with that of the Communists。                 The non…party men do
  not want Denikin。 They do not want Baron Wrangel。                       They have never
  heard      of   Professor     Struhve。       They      do   not    particularly     like   the
  Communists。 They principally want to be left alone; and they principally
  fear any enforced continuation of war of any kind。                    If; in the course of
  time;   they   come   to   have   a   definite   political   programme;   I   think   it   not
  84
  … Page 85…
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  impossible that they may turn into a new kind of constitutional democrat。
  That does not mean that they will have any use for M。 Milukov or for a
  monarch with   whom  M。  Milukov   might   be   ready  to supply  them。                 The
  Constitution for which they will work will be that very Soviet Constitution
  which is now in abeyance; and the democracy which they associate with it
  will be that form of democracy which were it to be accurately observed in
  the    present    state  of   Russia;    that   Constitution     would     provide。     The
  capitalist in Russia has long ago earned the position in which; according to
  the Constitution; he has a right to vote; since he has long ago ceased to be
  a capitalist。    Supposing the Soviet Constitution were today to be literally
  applied;   it   would   be   found   that   practically   no   class   except   the   priests
  would be excluded from the franchise。 And when this agitation swells in
  volume;   it   will   be   an   agitation   extremely   difficult   to   resist;   supposing
  Russia to be at peace; so that there will be no valid excuse with which to
  meet   it。   These   new   constitutional   democrats   will   be   in   the   position   of
  saying      to   the   Communists;        〃Give    us;   without     change;     that   very
  Constitution which you yourselves drew up。〃 I think they will find many
  friends inside the Communist Party; particularly among those Communists
  who are also Trade Unionists。           I heard something very like the arguments
  of this new variety of constitutional democrat in the Kremlin itself at an
  All…Russian Conference of the Communist Party。                  A workman; Sapronov;
  turned suddenly aside in a speech on quite another matter; and said with
  great violence that the
  present   system   was   in   danger   of   running   to   seed   and   turning   into
  oligarchy; if not autocracy。         Until the moment when he put his listeners
  against him by a personal attack on Lenin; there was no doubt that he had
  with him the sympathies of quite a considerable section of an exclusively
  Communist audience。
  Given peace; given an approximate return to normal conditions; non…
  partyism   may   well   profoundly   modify   the   activities   of   the   Communists。
  It   would   certainly   be   strong   enough   to   prevent   the   rasher   spirits   among
  them     from     jeopardizing     peace     or  from    risking    Russia's    chance     of
  convalescence        for  the   sake   of  promoting      in  any   way    the   growth    of
  revolution   abroad。       Of   course;    so  long   as  it   is  perfectly   obvious   that
  85
  … Page 86…