第 26 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  Russia started work last year; and this year we shall have a number of such
  plows made in our country; not because it is economic so to make them;
  but because we could get them in no other way。                    In so far as is possible;
  we shall have to make ourselves self…supporting; so as somehow or other
  to get along even if the blockade; formal or perhaps willy…nilly (imposed
  by    the   inability   of   the  West     to  supply    us);   compels     us   to  postpone
  cooperation with the rest of Europe。              Every day of such postponement is
  one   in   which   the   resources   of   Europe   are   not   being   used   in   the   most
  efficient manner to supply the needs not only of our own country but of
  all。〃
  I  referred    to  what    he   had   told   me    last  year   about    the   intended
  electrification of Moscow by a station using turf fuel。
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  〃That;〃 he said; 〃is one of the plans which; in spite of the war; has
  gone a very long way towards completion。                  We have built the station in
  the Ryezan Government; on the Shadul peat mosses; about 110 versts from
  Moscow。 Before the end of May that station should be actually at work。 (It
  was completed; opened and partially destroyed by a gigantic fire。) Another
  station at Kashira in the Tula
  Government        (on   the   Oka);    using   the   small   coal   produced      in  the
  Moscow coalfields; will be at work before the autumn。 This year similar
  stations     are  being    built   at  Ivano…Voznesensk         and   at  Nijni…Novgorod。
  Also; with a view to making the most economic use of what we already
  possess;   we   have   finished   both   in   Petrograd   and   in   Moscow   a   general
  unification     of   all  the  private    power…stations;      which    now    supply    their
  current   to   a  single  main   cable。    Similar  unification   is   nearly  finished   at
  Tula and at Kostroma。           The big water…power station on the rapids of the
  Volkhov is finished in so far as land construction goes; but we can proceed
  no further until we have obtained the turbines; which we hope to get from
  abroad。      As    you    know;    we    are  basing    our   plans    in  general    on   the
  assumption that in   course  of time  we  shall   supply  the  whole of   Russian
  industry   with   electricity;   of   which   we   also   hope   to   make   great   use   in
  agriculture。      That; of course; will take a great number of years。〃
  'Nothing   could   have   been   much   more   artificial   than   the   industrial
  geography       of  old   Russia。     The     caprice   of   history   had    planted    great
  industrial centers literally at the greatest possible distance from the sources
  of their raw materials。 There was Moscow bringing its coal from Donetz;
  and Petrograd; still further away; having to eke out a living by importing
  coal   from  England。        The   difficulty  of   transport   alone   must   have   forced
  the   Russians   to   consider   how   they   could   do   away   with   such   anomalies。
  Their main idea is that the transport of coal in a modern State is an almost
  inexcusable       barbarism。        They      have    set   themselves;      these    ragged
  engineers; working in rooms which they can hardly keep above freezing…
  point and walking home through the snow in boots without soles; no less a
  task   than   the   electrification   of   the   whole   of   Russia。    There   is   a   State
  Committee         presided      over     by    an     extraordinary       optimist     called
  Krzhizhanovsky;   entrusted   by   the   Supreme   Council   of   Public   Economy
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  and Commissariat of Agriculture with the working out of a general plan。
  This    Committee       includes;    besides    a  number      of  well…known       practical
  engineers; Professors Latsinsky; Klassen; Dreier; Alexandrov; Tcharnovsky;
  Dend   and   Pavlov。      They   are   investigating   the   water   power   available   in
  different districts in Russia; the
  possibilities   of   using   turf;   and   a   dozen   similar   questions   including;
  perhaps not the least important; investigation to discover where they can
  do most with least dependence on help from abroad。'
  Considering the question of the import of machinery from abroad; I
  asked him whether in existing conditions of transport Russia was actually
  in   a  position   to   export   the   raw   materials   with   which   alone  the   Russians
  could hope to buy what they want。             He said:
  〃Actually we have in hand about two million poods (a pood is a little
  over thirty…six English pounds) of flax; and any quantity of light leather
  (goat;    etc。);  but   the   main    districts   where    we    have   raw    material    for
  ourselves   or   for   export   are   far   away。   Hides;   for   example;   we   have   in
  great quantities in Siberia; in the districts of Orenburg and the Ural River
  and in Tashkent。        I have myself made the suggestion that we should offer
  to sell this stuff where it is; that is to say not delivered at a seaport; and
  that    the   buyers    should    provide     their   own    trains;   which    we    should
  eventually   buy   from   them   with   the   raw   material   itself;   so   that   after   a
  certain   number   of   journeys   the   trains   should   become   ours。   In   the   same
  districts we have any quantity of wool; and in some of these districts corn。
  We cannot; in the present condition of our transport; even get this corn for
  ourselves。 In the same way we have great quantities of rice in Turkestan;
  and    actually    are  being    offered   rice  from    Sweden;     because     we   cannot
  transport our own。         Then we have over a million poods of copper; ready
  for   export   on   the   same   conditions。     But   it   is   clear   that   if   the   Western
  countries are unable to help in the transport; they cannot expect to get raw
  materials from us。〃
  I asked about platinum。         He laughed。
  〃That is a different matter。        In platinum we have a world monopoly;
  and can consequently afford to wait。 Diamonds and gold; they can have as
  much as they want of
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  such rubbish; but platinum is different; and we are in no hurry to part
  with it。    But diamonds and gold ornaments; the jewelry of the Tsars; we
  are ready to give to any king in Europe who fancies them; if he can give us
  some less ornamental but more useful locomotives instead。〃
  I   asked   if   Kolchak   had   damaged   the   platinum   mines。      He   replied;
  〃Not   at   all。  On   the   contrary;   he   was   promising   platinum   to   everybody
  who wanted it; and he set the mines going; so we arrived to find them in
  good condition; with a considerable yield of platinum ready for use。〃
  (I   am   inclined   to   think   that   in   spite   of   Rykov's   rather   intransigent
  attitude  on   the  question;   the   Russians   would  none   the  less   be   willing   to
  export platinum; if only on account of the fact in comparison with its great
  value it requires little transport; and so would make possible for them an
  immediate bargain with some of the machinery they most urgently need。)
  Finally we talked of the growing importance of the Council of Public
  Economy。        Rykov   was   of   opinion   that   it   would   eventually   become   the
  centre of the whole State organism; 〃it and Trades Unions organizing the
  actual producers in each branch。〃
  〃Then you think that as your further plans develop; with the creation
  of more and more industrial centres; with special productive populations
  concentrated round them; the
  Councils of the Trades Unions will tend to become identical with the
  Soviets elected in the same districts by the same industrial units?〃
  〃Precisely;〃 said Rykov; 〃and in that way the Soviets; useful during
  the period of transition as an instrument of struggle and dictatorship; will
  be merged with the Unions。〃 (One
  important   factor;   as   Lenin   pointed   out   when   considering   the        same
  question; is here left out of count; namely the political development of the
  enormous agricultural as opposed to industrial population。)
  〃But    if  this  merging    of  political   Soviets    with   productive     Unions
  occurs;     the  questions     that   concern    people    will   cease    to  be   political
  questi