第 25 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  shattered   and   that   the   building   is   threatened   with   a   collapse   which   will
  bury all the inhabitants of the house together; and that; therefore; the only
  immediate       task   is  the   strengthening      of  the   foundation     and    the  walls。
  Extraordinary firmness; extraordinary courage is necessary; not only not to
  listen   to   the   cries   and   groans   of   old  men;   women;   children   and   sick;
  coming from every floor; but also to decide on taking from the inhabitants
  of all floors the instruments and materials necessary for the strengthening
  of the foundations and walls; and to force them to leave their corners and
  hearths; which they are doing the best they can to make habitable; in order
  to drive them to work on the strengthening of the walls and foundations。〃
  Gusev's     main     idea   was    that   the   Communists        were    asking    new
  sacrifices from a weary and exhausted people; that without such sacrifices
  these   people   would   presently   find   themselves   in   even   worse   conditions;
  and that; to persuade them to make the effort necessary to save themselves;
  it was necessary to have a perfectly clear and easily understandable plan
  76
  … Page 77…
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  which could be dinned into the whole nation and silence the criticism of
  all   possible    opponents。       Copies      of  his   little  book    came    to  Moscow。
  Lenin   read   it   and   caused   excruciating   jealousy   in   the   minds   of   several
  other   Communists;   who   had   also   been   trying   to   find   the   philosopher's
  stone that should turn discouragement into hope; by singling out Gusev for
  his special praise and insisting that his plans should be fully discussed at
  the Supreme Council in the Kremlin。                Trotsky followed Lenin's lead; and
  in the end a general programme for Russian reconstruction was drawn up;
  differing only slightly from that which Gusev had proposed。                       I give this
  scheme   in Trotsky's   words;   because   they  are   a   little   fuller   than   those   of
  others;     and   knowledge       of   this  plan    will   explain    not   only    what    the
  Communists are trying to   do   in   Russia; but   what   they  would   like  to   get
  from us today and what they will want to get tomorrow。                    Trotsky says:…
  〃The fundamental task at this moment is improvement in the condition
  of our transport; prevention of its further deterioration and preparation of
  the most elementary stores of food; raw material and fuel。                    The whole of
  the   first period of   our   reconstruction   will   be   completely  occupied   in the
  concentration       of   labor   on   the  solution    of   these   problems;     which     is  a
  condition of further progress。
  〃The second period (it will be difficult to say now whether it will be
  measured       in   months     or   years;    since   that   depends      on   many     factors
  beginning with the international situation and ending with the unanimity
  or the lack of it in our own party) will be a period occupied in the building
  of machines in the interest of transport; and the getting of raw materials
  and provisions。
  〃The third period will be occupied in building machinery; with a view
  to   the   production   of   articles   in   general   demand;   and;   finally;   the   fourth
  period will be that in which we are able to produce these articles。〃
  Does it not occur; even to the most casual reader; that there is very
  little politics in that program; and that; no matter what kind of Government
  should be  in   Russia;  it would have   to   endorse that   programme   word   for
  word?      I   would   ask   any   who   doubt   this   to   turn   again   to   my   first   two
  chapters   describing   the   nature   of   the   economic   crisis   in   Russia;   and   to
  77
  … Page 78…
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  remind themselves how; not only the lack of things but the lack of men; is
  intimately  connected   with   the lack   of transport;  which   keeps   laborers   ill
  fed; factories ill supplied with material; and in this way keeps the towns
  incapable   of   supplying   the   needs   of   the   country;   with   the   result   that   the
  country   is   most   unwilling   to   supply   the   needs   of   the   town。   No   Russian
  Government   unwilling   to   allow   Russia   to   subside   definitely   to   a   lower
  level    of   civilization    can   do   otherwise     than   to   concentrate     upon    the
  improvement of transport。            Labor in Russia must be used first of all for
  that; in order to increase its own productivity。              And; if purchase of help
  from   abroad   is   to   be   allowed;   Russia   must   〃control〃   the   outflow   of   her
  limited assets; so that; by healing transport first of all; she may increase
  her   power   of   making   new   assets。       She   must   spend   in   such   a   way   as
  eventually   to     increase    her  power     of  spending。     She    must    prevent    the
  frittering away of her small purse on things which; profitable to the vendor
  and doubtless desirable by the purchaser; satisfy only individual needs and
  do not raise the producing power of the community as a whole。
  RYKOV           ON       ECONOMIC             PLANS          AND        ON        THE
  TRANSFORMATION OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY
  Alexei     Rykov;     the   President     of  the   Supreme      Council     of   Public
  Economy; is one of the hardest worked men in Russia; and the only time I
  was   able    to  have    a   long  talk  with   him   (although     more    than   once    he
  snatched moments to answer particular questions) was on a holiday; when
  the old Siberian Hotel; now the offices of the Council; was deserted; and I
  walked      through    empty     corridors    until   I  found    the  President     and   his
  secretary at work as usual。
  After telling   of the building of the new railway  from Alexandrovsk
  Gai   to   the   Emba;   the   prospects   of   developing   the   oil   industry   in   that
  district; the relative values of those deposits and of those at Baku; and the
  possible decreasing significance of Baku in Russian industry generally; we
  passed   to      broader   perspectives。       I   asked   him  what   he   thought   of   the
  relations between agriculture           and industry in Russia; and supposed that
  he   did   not   imagine   that    Russia   would     ever   become     a   great  industrial
  78
  … Page 79…
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  country。      His    answer     was   characteristic     of  the   tremendous      hopes    that
  nerve   these   people   in   their   almost   impossible   task;   and   I   set   it   down   as
  nearly   as   I   can   in   his   own   words。   For   him;   of   course;   the   economic
  problem  was   the  first;   and   he   spoke of   it   as   the  director   of   a  huge   trust
  might   have   spoken。       But;   as   he   passed   on   to   talk   of   what   he   thought
  would   result   from  the   Communist   method   of   tackling   that   problem;   and
  spoke of the eventual disappearance of political parties; I felt I was trying
  to read a kind of palimpsest of the Economist and
  News from Nowhere; or listening to a strange compound of William
  Morris   and;   for   example;   Sir   Eric   Geddes。       He   said:   〃We   may   have   to
  wait   a   long   time   before   the   inevitable   arrives   and   there   is   a   Supreme
  Economic Council dealing with Europe as with a single economic whole。
  If that should come about we should; of course; from the very nature of
  our country; be called upon in the first place to provide food for Europe;
  and we should hope enormously to improve our agriculture; working on a
  larger and larger scale; using mechanical plows and tractors; which would
  be supplied us by the West。           But in the meantime we have to face the fact
  that   events   may   cause   us   to   be;   for   all   practical   purposes;   in   a   state   of
  blockade for perhaps a score of years; and; so far as we can; we must be
  ready to depend on ourselves alone。                For example; we want mechanical
  plows   which   could   be   procured   abroad。          We   have   had   to   start   making
  them   ourselves。       The     first  electric   plow    made    in  Russia     and   used   in
  Russia started work last year; and this year we shall have a number of such
  plows made in our country; not