第 20 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  should     be   included    in  the  courses    for  workers     and   peasants    who    are
  training   to   become   officers   in   every   district。   Transition   to   the   militia
  system   must   be   carefully   and   gradually   accomplished   so   as   not   for   a
  moment   to   leave   the   Republic   defenseless。        While   not   losing   sight   of
  these ultimate aims; it is necessary to decide on immediate needs and to
  ascertain     exactly   what    amount     of  labor   is  necessary    for  their   limited
  realization。 He suggests the registration of skilled labor in the army。                  He
  suggests   that   a   Commission   under   general   direction   of   the   Council   of
  Public Economy should work out a preliminary plan and then hand it over
  to the War Department; so that means should be worked out for using the
  military apparatus for this new industrial purpose。
  Trotsky's twenty…four theses or notes must have been written in odd
  moments;   now   here   now   there;   on   the   way   from   one   front   to   another。
  They do not form a connected whole。 Contradictions jostle each other; and
  it is quite clear that Trotsky himself had no very definite plan in his head。
  But
  his notes annoyed and stimulated so many other people that they did
  perhaps precisely the work they were intended to do。 Pravada printed them
  with a note from the editor inviting discussion。               The Ekonomitcheskaya
  Jizn printed letter after letter from workmen; officials and others; attacking;
  approving      and   bringing     new   suggestions。     Larin;   Semashko;      Pyatakov;
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  Bucharin   all took   a   hand   in   the discussion。        Larin   saw  in   the   proposals
  the beginning of the end of the revolution; being convinced that authority
  would   pass   from   the   democracy   of   the   workers   into   the   hands   of   the
  specialists。     Rykov   fell   upon   them   with   sturdy   blows   on   behalf   of   the
  Trades Unions。         All; however; agreed on the one point…that something of
  the sort was neccesary。 On December 27th a Commission for studying the
  question   of   industrial   conscription   was   formed   under   the   presidency   of
  Trotsky。       This     Commission         included      the   People's     Commissars;        or
  Ministers;   of   Labor;  Ways   of   Communication;   Supply; Agriculture;   War;
  and the Presidents of the Central Council of the Trades Unions and of the
  Supreme        Council     of  Public    Economy。        They     compiled      a   list  of  the
  principal questions before them;  and   invited anybody  interested   to  bring
  them suggestions and material for discussion。
  But   the  discussion      was   not   limited    to  the   newspapers       or  to  this
  Commission。          The question was discussed in Soviets and Conferences of
  every   kind   all   over   the   country。     Thus;   on   January   1st   an   All…Russian
  Conference of   local   〃departments   for   the   registration   and   distribution   of
  labor;〃 after prolonged argument; contributed their views。                     They pointed
  out (1) the need of bringing to work numbers of persons who instead of
  doing   the   skilled   labor   for   which   they   were   qualified   were   engaged   in
  petty   profiteering;   etc。;   (2)   that   there   evaporation   of   skilled   labor   into
  unproductive speculation            could   at least   be   checked   by  the   introduction
  of    labor   books;    which     would     give   some     sort  of   registration    of   each
  citizen's   work;   (3)   that   workmen   can   be   brought   back   from   the   villages
  only for enterprises which are supplied with provisions or are situated in
  districts where there is plenty。 (〃The opinion that; in the absence of these
  preliminary   conditions;   it   will   be   possible   to   draw   workmen   from   the
  villages by measures of compulsion or mobilization
  is profoundly mistaken。〃) (4) that there should be a census of labor and
  that   the   Trades   Unions   should   be   invited   to   protect   the   interests   of   the
  conscripted。       Finally;     this  Conference      approved      the   idea   of  using    the
  already   existing   military   organization   for   carrying   out   a   labor   census   of
  the Red Army; and for the turning over to labor of parts of the army during
  demobilization;   but   opposed   the   idea   of   giving   the   military  organization
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  the work of labor registration and industrial conscription in general。
  On January 22; 1920; the Central Committee of the Communist Party;
  after    prolonged     discussion      of   Trotsky's     rough    memorandum;         finally
  adopted   and   published   a   new   edition   of   the   〃theses;〃   expanded;   altered;
  almost unrecognizable; a reasoned body of theory entirely different from
  the   bundle     of  arrows   loosed     at  a  venture   by   Trotsky。    They   definitely
  accepted      the    principle    of   industrial    conscription;      pointing     out   the
  immediate reasons for it in the fact that Russia cannot look for much help
  from without and must somehow or other help herself。
  Long     before    the  All…Russian      Congress      of  the   Communist       Party
  approved the theses of the Committee; one form of industrial conscription
  was     already    being    tested   at  work。    Very    early   in  January;    when     the
  discussion on the subject was at its height; the Soviet of the Third Army
  addressed      itself  to   the  Council     of  Defense     of   the  Republic      with   an
  invitation   to   make   use   of   this   army   (which   at   least   for   the   moment   had
  finished its military task) and to experiment with it as a labor army。                   The
  Council      of  Defense     agreed。    Representatives       of  the   Commissariats       of
  Supply; Agriculture; Ways and Communications; Labor and the Supreme
  Council   of   Public   Economy   were   sent   to   assist   the Army   Soviet。         The
  army   was   proudly   re…named   〃The   First   Revolutionary  Army   of   Labor;〃
  and began to issue communiques from the Labor front;〃 precisely like the
  communiques of an army in the field。                I translate as a curiosity the first
  communique issued by a Labor Army's Soviet:
  〃Wood prepared in the districts of Ishim; Karatulskaya; Omutinskaya;
  Zavodoutovskaya;          Yalutorovska;        Iushaly;    Kamuishlovo;        Turinsk;
  Altynai;   Oshtchenkovo;   Shadrinsk;   10;180   cubic   sazhins。   Working   days;
  52;651。      Taken   to   the   railway   stations;   5;334   cubic   sazhins。     Working
  days     on   transport;   22;840。     One     hundred     carpenters     detailed    for  the
  Kizelovsk mines。         One hundred carpenters detailed for the bridge at Ufa。
  One   engineer   specialist   detailed   to   the   Government   Council   of   Public
  Economy        for  repairing     the  mills   of   Chelyabinsk       Government。        One
  instructor   accountant   detailed   for   auditing   the   accounts   of   the   economic
  organizations   of   Kamuishlov。   Repair   of   locomotives   procceding   in   the
  works at Ekaterinburg。 January 20; 1920; midnight。〃
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  The Labor Army's Soviet received a report on the state of the district
  covered by the army with regard to supply and needed work。                    By the end
  of January it had already carried out a labor census of the army; and found
  that   it   included   over   50;000   laborers;   of   whom   a   considerable   number
  were   skilled。     It  decided    on   a   general  plan   of  work    in  reestablishing
  industry in the Urals; which suffered severely during the Kolchak regime
  and the ebb and flow of the civil war; and was considering a suggestion of
  one   of   its   members   that   if   the   scheme   worked   well   the   army   should   be
  increased to 300;000 men by way of mobilization。
  On January 23rd the Council of Defense of the Republic; encouraged
  to   proceed   further;   decided   to   make   use   of   the   Reserve   Army   for   the
  improvement of railway transport on the Moscow…Kazan railway; one of
  the chief arteries between eastern food districts and Moscow。                   The main
  object is to be the reestablishment of through traffic between Moscow and
  Ekaterinburg       and    the