第 15 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9319
  against strikes of protest。        The Trades Unions took a point of view nearer
  that of the Bolsheviks; and the strikes in Moscow took place in spite of the
  Soviets。      After    the   Kornilov     affair;  when     the  Mensheviks       were    still
  struggling for coalition with the bourgeois parties; the Trades Unions quite
  definitely     took   the  Bolshevik      standpoint。    At   the  so…called    Democratic
  Conference;   intended   as   a   sort   of   life   belt   for   the   sinking   Provisional
  Government;        only    eight   of   the  Trades     Union    delegates     voted    for   a
  continuance of the coalition; whereas seventy three voted against。
  This    consciously      revolutionary      character    throughout      their   much
  shorter   existence   has   distinguished   Russian   from;   for   example;   English
  Trades Unions。        It has set their course for them。
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  In   October;   1917;   they   got   the   revolution   for   which   they   had   been
  asking     since    March。      Since     then;    one    Congress     after   another     has
  illustrated the natural and inevitable development of Trades Unions inside
  a   revolutionary   State   which;   like   most   if   not   all   revolutionary   States;   is
  attacked simultaneously by hostile armies from without and by economic
  paralysis from within。         The excited and lighthearted Trades Unionists of
  three    years    ago;   who    believed    that   the  mere     decreeing     of  〃workers'
  control〃   would   bring   all   difficulties     automatically   to   an   end;   are    now
  unrecognizable。        We have seen illusion after illusion scraped from them
  by    the   pumice…stone      of   experience;     while    the  appalling     state   of  the
  industries which they now largely control; and the ruin of the country in
  which they attained that control; have forced them to alter their immediate
  aims   to   meet   immediate   dangers;   and   have   accelerated   the   process   of
  adaptation made inevitable by their victory。
  The process of adaptation has had the natural result of producing new
  internal cleavages。        Change after change in their programme and theory
  of the Russian Trades Unionists has been due to the pressure of life itself;
  to the urgency of   struggling against the worsening of conditions   already
  almost   unbearable。   It   is   perfectly   natural   that   those   Unions   which   hold
  back   from   adaptation   and   resent   the   changes   are   precisely   those   which;
  like   that   of   the   printers;   are   not   intimately   concerned   in   any   productive
  process; are consequently outside the central struggle; and; while feeling
  the discomforts of change; do not feel its need。
  The opposition inside the productive Trades Unions is of two kinds。
  There is the opposition; which is of merely psychological interest; of old
  Trades     Union     leaders   who     have   always     thought    of  themselves      as  in
  opposition to the   Government; and feel themselves like watches   without
  mainsprings in their new role of Government supporters。 These are men in
  whom a natural intellectual stiffness makes difficult the complete change
  of front which was the logical result of the revolution for which they had
  been working。 But beside that there is a much more interesting opposition
  based   on   political   considerations。       The   Menshevik   standpoint   is   one   of
  disbelief in the permanence of the revolution; or rather in the permanence
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  of   the   victory   of  the   town    workers。    They    point   to  the   divergence     in
  interests   between   the   town   and   country   populations;   and   are   convinced
  that    sooner    or   later  the   peasants    will   alter   the   government      to   suit
  themselves; when; once more; it will be a government against which the
  town workers will have to defend their interests。               The Mensheviks object
  to the identification of the Trades Unions with the Government apparatus
  on the ground that when this change; which they expect comes about; the
  Trade Union movement will be so far emasculated as to be incapable of
  defending   the   town   workers   against   the   peasants   who   will   then   be   the
  ruling class。     Thus they attack the present Trades Union leaders for being
  directly influenced by the Government in fixing the rate of wages; on the
  ground   that   this   establishes     a   precedent   from   which;   when   the   change
  comes; it will be difficult to break away。             The Communists answer them
  by   insisting   that   it   is   to   everybody's   interest   to   pull   Russia   through   the
  crisis;   and   that   if   the   Trades   Unions   were   for   such   academic   reasons   to
  insist   on   their   complete   independence   instead   of   in   every   possible   way
  collaborating with the Government; they would be not only increasing the
  difficulties of the revolution in its economic crisis; but actually hastening
  that   change   which   the   Mensheviks;   though   they   regard   it   as   inevitable;
  cannot be supposed to desire。           This Menshevik opposition is strongest in
  the Ukraine。       Its strength may be judged from the figures of the Congress
  in   Moscow       this   spring   when;     of   1;300    delegates;    over   1;000    were
  Communists   or   sympathizers   with   them;   63   were   Mensheviks   and   200
  were non…party; the bulk of whom; I fancy; on this point would agree with
  the Mensheviks。
  But    apart   from   opposition     to   the  〃stratification〃     of   the   Trades
  Unions; there is a cleavage cutting across the Communist Party itself and
  uniting in opinion; though not in voting; the Mensheviks and a section of
  their    Communist       opponents。      This     cleavage    is  over    the  question     of
  〃workers'   control。〃       Most   of   those   who;   before   the   revolution;   looked
  forward to the 〃workers' control〃; thought of it as meaning that the actual
  workers in a given factory would themselves control that factory; just as a
  board of directors controls a factory under the ordinary capitalist system。
  The Communists; I think; even today admit the ultimate desirability of this;
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  but insist that the important question is not who shall give the orders; but
  in   whose   interest   the   orders   shall be   given。     I   have   nowhere   found  this
  matter
  properly   thrashed       out;  though     feeling   upon    it  is  extremely   strong。
  Everybody whom I asked about it began at once to address me as if I were
  a public meeting; so that I found it extremely difficult to get from either
  side a statement not free from electioneering bias。                 I think; however; that
  it may be fairly said that all but a few lunatics have abandoned the ideas of
  1917; which resulted in the workmen in a factory deposing any technical
  expert or manager whose orders were in the least irksome to them。                       These
  ideas and the miseries and unfairness they caused; the stoppages of work;
  the    managers      sewn     up   in   sacks;   ducked      in  ponds     and    trundled    in
  wheelbarrows;        have    taken    their  places    as   curiosities   of   history。    The
  change      in   these    ideas   has    been    gradual。      The     first  step    was    the
  recognition   that   the   State   as   a   whole   was   interested   in   the   efficiency   of
  each factory; and; therefore; that the workmen of each factory had no right
  to arrange things with no thought except for themselves。                    The Committee
  idea was still strong; and the difficulty was got over by assuring that the
  technical     staff   should    be  represented      on   the  Committee;       and   that   the
  casting   vote   between   workers   and   technical   experts   or   managers   should
  belong to the central   economic organ   of the   State。              The   next stage   was
  when the management of a workshop was given a so called 〃collegiate〃
  character;      the    workmen         appointing      representatives       to    share     the
  responsibility of the 〃bourgeois specialist。〃               The bitter controversy now
  going   on   concerns   the   seemingly  inevitable   transition   to   a   later  stage   in
  which;      for   all  practical     purposes;     the   bourgeois      specialist