第 14 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9320
  Amsterdam;   a   telegram   which   admirably   illustrated   the   impossibility   of
  separating judgment of the present position of the Unions from judgments
  of the Russian revolution as a whole。            It encouraged the Unions 〃in their
  struggle〃     and    promised     support    in   that  struggle。     The    Communists
  immediately asked 〃What struggle? Against the capitalist system in Russia
  which     does    not  exist?   Or   against   capitalist   systems     outside   Russia?〃
  They said that either the telegram meant this latter only; or it meant that its
  writers did not believe that there had been a social revolution in Russia。
  The point is arguable。        If one believes that revolution is an impossibility;
  one can reason from that belief and say that in spite of certain upheavals in
  Russia   the   fundamental   arrangement   of   society   is   the   same   there   as   in
  other countries; so that the position of the Trade Unions there must be the
  same; and; as in other countries they must be still engaged in augmenting
  the dinners of their members at the expense of the dinners of the capitalists
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  which; in the long run (if that were possible) they would abolish。                   If; on
  the other hand; one believes that social revolution has actually occurred; to
  speak of Trades Unions continuing the struggle in which they conquered
  something like three years
  ago;   is   to   urge   them   to   a   sterile   fanaticism   which   has   been   neatly
  described by Professor Santayana as a redoubling of your effort when you
  have forgotten your aim。
  It   's   probably   true   that   the   〃aim〃   of   the   Trades   Unions   was   more
  clearly defined in Russia than elsewhere。              In England during the greater
  part    of  their  history    the  Trades    Unions     have   not   been    in  conscious
  opposition to the State。 In Russia this position was forced on the Trades
  Unions almost before they had time to get to work。                  They were born; so
  to    speak;    with    red   flags   in   their   hands。     They      grew     up   under
  circumstances of extreme difficulty and persecution。                From 1905 on they
  were in decided opposition to the existing system; and were revolutionary
  rather than merely mitigatory organizations。
  Before 1905 they were little more than associations for mutual help;
  very weak; spending most of their energies in self…preservation from the
  police; and hiding their character as class organizations by electing more
  or   less   Liberal   managers   and   employers   as   〃honorary   members。〃   1905;
  however; settled their revolutionary character。             In September of that year
  there was a Conference at Moscow; where it was decided to call an All…
  Russian Trades Union Congress。 Reaction in Russia made this impossible;
  and   the   most   they   could   do   was   to   have   another   small   Conference   in
  February; 1906; which; however; defined their object as that of creating a
  general   Trade   Union      Movement   organized         on   All…Russian     lines。  The
  temper of the Trades Unions then; and the condition of the country at that
  time; may be judged from the fact that although they were merely working
  for   the   right   to   form   Unions;   the   right   to   strike;   etc。;   they   passed   the
  following   significant   resolution:   〃Neither   from   the   present   Government
  nor from the future State Duma can be expected realization of freedom of
  coalition。     This     Conference      considers    the   legalization    of  the   Trades
  Unions       under    present     conditions       absolutely      impossible。〃        The
  Conference was right。          For twelve years after that there were no Trades
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  Unions Conferences in Russia。            Not until June; 1917; three months after
  the March Revolution; was the third Trade Union Conference able to meet。
  This   Conference   reaffirmed   the   revolutionary   character   of   the   Russian
  Trades Unions。
  At   that  time   the  dominant     party   in  the   Soviets   was    that  of  the
  Mensheviks; who were opposed to the formation of a Soviet Government;
  and   were   supporting   the   provisional   Cabinet   of   Kerensky。   The   Trades
  Unions   were   actually   at   that   time   more   revolutionary   than   the   Soviets。
  This    third  Conference      passed    several   resolutions;    which    show    clearly
  enough that the present position of the Unions has not been brought about
  by   any   violence    of  the   Communists       from   without;    but  was   definitely
  promised by tendencies inside the Unions at a time when the Communists
  were probably the least authoritative party in Russia。             This Conference of
  June;   1917;    resolved    that  the  Trades    Unions    should    not  only   〃remain
  militant class organizations 。 。 。 but 。 。 。 should support the activities of the
  Soviets   of   soldiers   and   deputies。〃    They   thus   clearly   showed   on   which
  side they stood in the struggle then proceeding。               Nor was this all。 They
  also; though the Mensheviks were              still the dominant party; resolved on
  that   system     of  internal   organizations     and   grouping;     which    has   been
  actually     realized    under    the  Communists。         I   quote    again   from    the
  resolution of this Conference:
  〃The evolution of the economic struggle demands from the workers
  such    forms    of  professional     organization    as;  basing    themselves     on  the
  connection       between     various    groups     of  workers     in   the   process    of
  production; should unite within a general organization; and under general
  leadership; as large masses of workers as possible occupied in enterprises
  of the same kind; or in similar professions。            With this object the workers
  should organize themselves professionally; not by shops or trades; but by
  productions; so that all the workers of a given enterprise should belong to
  one Union; even if they belong to different professions and even different
  productions。〃       That   which   was   then   no   more   than   a   design   is   now   an
  accurate   description   of   Trades   Union   organization   in   Russia。       Further;
  much     that   at  present   surprises    the  foreign   inquirer    was   planned    and
  considered   desirable   then;   before   the   Communists   had   won   a   majority
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  either in the Unions or in the Soviet。              Thus this same third   Conference
  resolved   that   〃in   the   interests   of   greater   efficiency   and   success   in   the
  economic       struggle;   a  professional     organization     should    be   built  on   the
  principle of   democratic   centralism;   assuring   to   every  member   a   share   in
  the affairs of the organization and; at the same time; obtaining unity in the
  leadership of the struggle。〃         Finally;
  〃Unity in the direction (leadership) of the economic struggle demands
  unity in the exchequer of the Trades Unions。〃
  The point that I wish to make in thus illustrating the pre…Communist
  tendencies of the Russian Trades Unions is not simply that if their present
  position is undesirable they have only themselves to thank for it; but that
  in Russia the Trades Union movement before the October Revolution was
  working in the direction of such a revolution; that the events of October
  represented   something   like   a   Trade   Union   victory;   so   that   the   present
  position of the Unions as part of the organization defending that victory; as
  part of the system of government set up by that revolution; is logical and
  was   to   be   expected。     I   have   illustrated   this   from   resolutions;   because
  these give statements in words easily comparable with what
  has come to pass。        It would be equally easy to point to deeds instead
  of words if we need more forcible though less accurate illustrations。
  Thus;    at   the   time   of   the   Moscow       Congress     the   Soviets;    then
  Mensheviks;   who   were   represented   at   the   Congress   (the   object   of   the
  Congress   was   to   whip   up   support   for   the   Coalition   Government)   were
  against strikes of protest。        The Trades Unions took a point of view nearer
  that of the Bolsheviks; and the strikes in Moscow took place in spite of the