第 12 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  giving   them   complete   support;   confident   that;   as   Comrades   Lenin   and
  Trotsky were in favor of them; they were likely to be right this time; as so
  often    heretofore。     But     for  the   most    part  the   speeches     were    directly
  concerned      with    the  problem   under     discussion;     and   showed     a  political
  consciousness which would have been almost incredible three years ago。
  The Red Army served as a text for many; who said that the methods which
  had produced that army and its victories over the Whites had been proved
  successful   and   should   be   used   to   produce   a   Red   Army   of   Labor       and
  similar     victories    on   the   bloodless     front    against    economic      disaster。
  Nobody   seemed   to   question   the   main   idea   of   compulsory   labor。          The
  contest that aroused real bitterness was between the methods of individual
  and   collegiate   command。         The   new   proposals   lead   eventually   towards
  individual     command;       and   fears   were   expressed     lest  this  should    mean
  putting   summary   powers   into   the   hands        of   bourgeois   specialists;   thus
  nullifying 〃workers' control〃。 In   reply; it was   pointed out that   individual
  command had proved necessary in the army and had resulted in victory for
  the    revolution。      The    question     was    not   between     specialists    and    no
  specialists。      Everybody       knew     that   specialists   were     necessary。     The
  question was how to get the most out of them。                Effective political control
  had secured that bourgeois specialists; old officers; led to victory the army
  of the Red Republic。         The same result could be secured in the factories in
  the same way。        It was pointed out that in one year they had succeeded in
  training 32;000 Red Commanders; that is to say; officers from the working
  class   itself;   and   that   it   was   not   Utopian   to   hope   and   work   for   a   similar
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  output of
  workmen        specialists;    technically    trained;    and   therefore     themselves
  qualified   for   individual   command   in   the   factories。   Meanwhile   there   was
  nothing against the employment of Political Commissars in the factories as
  formerly   in   the   regiments;   to   control   in   other   than   technical   matters   the
  doings      of  the   specialists。     On    the   other    hand;    it  was   said   that   the
  appointment of Commissars would tend to make Communists unpopular;
  since inevitably in many cases they would have to support the specialists
  against   the   workmen;   and   that   the   collegiate   system   made   the   workmen
  feel    that  they   were    actually    the   masters;    and   so   gave   possibilities    of
  enthusiastic   work   not   otherwise   obtainable。           This   last   point   was   hotly
  challenged。       It   was   said   that   collegiate    control    meant    little  in  effect;
  except waste of time and efficiency; because at worst work was delayed by
  disputes      and   at   best   the   workmen       members       of   the   college    merely
  countersigned         the   orders     decided     upon     by    the    specialists。      The
  enthusiastic   work   was   said   to   be   a   fairy   story。   If   it   were   really   to   be
  found then there would be no need for a conference to discover how to get
  it。
  The most serious opposition; or at least the most serious argument put
  forward; for there was less opposition than actual discussion; came from
  some of the representatives of the Trade Unionists。                  A good deal was said
  about the position of the Trades Unions in a Socialist State。                     There was
  general recognition that since the Trade Unions themselves controlled the
  conditions of labor and wages; the whole of their old work of organizing
  strikes against capitalists had ceased to have any meaning; since to strike
  now would be   to strike against their own   decisions。                 At the same   time;
  certain tendencies to Syndicalism were still in existence; tendencies which
  might well lead to conflict between different unions; so that; for example;
  the match makers or the metal worker; might wish to strike a bargain with
  the State; as of one country with another; and this might easily lead to a
  complete collapse of the socialist system。
  The   one   thing   on   which   the   speakers   were   in   complete   agreement
  was the absolute need of an effort in industry equal to; if not greater than;
  the effort made in the army。            I thought it significant that in many of the
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  speeches the importance of this effort was urged as the only possible
  means   of   retaining   the   support   of   the   peasants。    There   was   a   tacit
  recognition   that   the   Conference   represented   town   workers   only。         Larin;
  who had belonged to the old school which had grown up with its eyes on
  the industrial countries of the West and believed that revolution could be
  brought   about   by   the   town   workers   alone;   that   it   was   exclusively   their
  affair; and that all else was of minor importance; unguardedly spoke of the
  peasant as 〃our neighbor。〃 In Javoslavl; country and town are too near to
  allow the main problem of the revolution to be thus easily dismissed。                      It
  was instantly  pointed out   that   the relation   was   much more  intimate;  and
  that; even if it were only 〃neighborly;〃 peace could not long be preserved
  if it were continually necessary for one neighbor to steal the chickens of
  the other。     These town workers of a district for the most part agricultural
  were very sure that the most urgent of all tasks was to raise industry to the
  point at which the town would really be able to supply the village with its
  needs。
  Larin and Radek severally summed up and made final attacks on each
  other's   positions;   after   which   Radek's   resolution   approving   the   theses   of
  the   Central    Committee       was   passed    almost    unanimously。       Larin's    four
  amendments received 1; 3; 7 and 1 vote apiece。                 This result was received
  with cheering throughout the theater; and showed the importance of such
  Conferences in smoothing the way of the Dictatorship; since it had been
  quite    obvious     when     the   discussion     began    that   a  very    much     larger
  proportion of the delegates than finally voted for his resolution had been
  more   or   less   in   sympathy   with   Larin   in   his   opposition   to   the   Central
  Committee。
  There     followed     elections    to  the   Party    Conference      in   Moscow。
  Rostopchin;   the   president;   read   a   list   which   had   been   submitted   by   the
  various   ouyezds      in  the   Jaroslavl   Government。        They   were     to  send   to
  Moscow   fifteen   delegates   with   the   right   to   vote;   together   with   another
  fifteen with the right to speak but not to vote。            Larin; who had done much
  work in the district; was mentioned as one of the fifteen voting delegates;
  but he stood up and said that as the Conference had so clearly expressed
  its   disagreement      with   his  views;    he  thought    it  better  to  withdraw     his
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  candidature。       Rostopchin      put   it  to  the   Conference       that  although     they
  disagreed
  with Larin; yet it would be as well that he should have the opportunity
  of stating his views at the All…Russian Conference; so that discussion there
  should     be   as   final  and    as  many…sided       as   possible。    The     Conference
  expressed   its   agreement   with   this。      Larin   withdrew   his   withdrawal;   and
  was presently elected。          The main object of these conferences in unifying
  opinion and in arming Communists with argument for the defence of this
  unified     opinion     a  mong     the   masses     was    again    illustrated    when     the
  Conference; in leaving it to the ouyezds to choose for themselves the non…
  voting delegates urged them to select wherever possible people who would
  have the widest opportunities of explaining on their return to the district
  whatever results might be reached in Moscow。
  It  was    now     pretty   late   in  the   evening;     and    after   another    very
  satisfactory   visit   to   the   pr