第 10 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
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  the   Committee       should    tell  him。   Lenin's     opinion    carries   great   weight
  because   he   is   Lenin;   but   it   carries   less   weight   than   that   of   the   Central
  Committee; of which he forms a nineteenth part。                  On the other hand; the
  opinion     of   Lenin    and   a   very   small    group    of  outstanding      figures   is
  supported      by    great   prestige    inside   the   Committee;       and   that   of  the
  Committee is supported by overwhelming prestige among the rank and file。
  The result is that this small group is nearly always sure of being able to
  use    the  whole    vote   of   600;000    Communists;        in  the  realization    of  its
  decisions。
  Now 600;000 men and women acting on the instructions of a highly
  centralized     directive;    all  the  important     decisions    of  which     have   been
  thrashed   out   and   re…thrashed   until   they   have   general   support   within   the
  party; 600;000 men and women prepared; not only to vote in support of
  these   decisions;   but   with   a   carefully   fostered   readiness   to   sacrifice   their
  lives for them if necessary; 600;000 men and women who are persuaded
  that by their way alone is humanity to be saved; who are persuaded (to put
  it   as   cynically   and   unsympathetically   as   possible)   that   the   noblest   death
  one can die is in carrying out a decision of the Central Committee; such a
  body;     even    in  a   country    such    as  Russia;     is  an   enormously      strong
  embodiment of human will; an instrument of struggle capable of working
  something very like miracles。           It can be and is controlled like an army in
  battle。    It can mobilize its members; 10 per cent。 of them; 50 per cent。;
  the local Committees choosing them; and send them to the front when the
  front is in danger; or to the railways and repair shops when it is decided
  that   the   weakest   point   is   that   of   transport。   If   its   only   task   were   to   fight
  those organizations of loosely knit and only momentarily united interests
  which are opposed to it; those jerry…built alliances of Reactionaries with
  Liberals;     United…Indivisible…Russians          with   Ukrainians;     Agrarians      with
  Sugar…Refiners; Monarchists with Republicans; that task would long ago
  have been finished。         But it has to fight something infinitely stronger
  than these in fighting the economic ruin of Russia; which; if it is too strong;
  too powerful to be        arrested by the Communists; would make short work
  of   those   who   are   without   any   such   fanatic   single…minded   and   perfectly
  disciplined organization。
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  A CONFERENCE AT
  JAROSLAVL
  I have already suggested that although the small Central Committee of
  the Communist Party does invariably get its own way; there are essential
  differences between this Dictatorship and the dictatorship of; for example;
  a General。 The main difference is that whereas the General merely writes
  an order about which most people hear for the first time only when it is
  promulgated; the Central Committee prepares the way for its dictation by a
  most   elaborate   series   of   discussions   and   counter   discussions   throughout
  the   country;    whereby   it   wins    the  bulk   of   the  Communist       Party   to  its
  opinion; after which it proceeds through local and general congresses to do
  the    same    with    the  Trades     Unions。     This     done;    a  further   series   of
  propaganda   meetings   among   the   people   actually   to   be   affected   smooths
  the   way   for   the   introduction   of   whatever   new   measure   is   being   carried
  through   at   the   moment。      All   this   talk;   besides   lessening   the   amount   of
  physical   force   necessary   in   carrying   out   a   decision;   must   also   avoid;   at
  least    in  part;   the   deadening      effect   that  would     be   caused     by   mere
  compulsory   obedience   to   the   unexplained   orders   of   a   military   dictator。
  Of   the   reality   of   the   Communist   Dictatorship   I   have   no   sort   of   doubt。
  But   its   methods   are   such   as   tend   towards   the   awakening   of   a   political
  consciousness which; if and when normal conditions…of feeding and peace;
  for    example…are      attained;   will   make    dictatorship     of  any   kind    almost
  impossible。
  To illustrate these methods of the Dictatorship; I cannot do better than
  copy into this book some pages of my diary
  written    in  March     of  this  year   when     I  was   present    at  one   of  the
  provincial conferences which were held in preparation of the All…Russian
  Communist Conference at the end of the month。
  At   seven   in   the   evening   Radek   called   for   me   and   took   me   to   the
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  Jaroslavl station; where we met Larin; whom I had known in 1918。                         An
  old   Menshevik;   he   was   the   originator   and   most   urgent   supporter   of   the
  decree     annulling    the   foreign    debts。    He    is  a  very   ill  man;    partially
  paralyzed; having to use both hands even to get food to his mouth or to
  turn over the leaves of a book。            In spite of this he is one of the hardest
  workers in Russia; and although his obstinacy; his hatred of compromise;
  and     a  sort   of  mixed     originality    and   perverseness      keep    him    almost
  permanently       at   loggerheads      with   the   Central    Committee;       he   retains
  everybody's respect because of the real heroism with which he conquers
  physical     disabilities   which    long    ago   would    have    overwhelmed       a  less
  unbreakable spirit。       Both Radek and Larin were going to the Communist
  Conference   at      Jaroslavl   which   was     to  consider    the   new   theses   of  the
  Central   Committee   of   the   party   with   regard   to   Industrial   Conscription。
  Radek was going to defend the position of the Central Committee; Larin to
  defend his own。        Both are old friends。       As Radek said to me; he intended
  to destroy Larin's position; but not; if he could help it; prevent Larin being
  nominated among the Jaroslavl delegates to All…Russian Conference which
  was in preparation。        Larin; whose work keeps him continually traveling;
  has his own car; specially arranged so that his               uninterrupted labor shall
  have as little effect as possible on his dangerously frail body。                Radek and
  I traveled in one of the special cars of the Central Executive Committee; of
  which he is a member。
  The car seemed very clean; but; as an additional precaution; we began
  by    rubbing     turpentine    on   our   necks    and    wrists   and    angles   for   the
  discouragement   of   lice;   now   generally   known   as   〃Semashki〃   from   the
  name      of   Semashko;      the   Commissar        of  Public    Health;     who    wages
  unceasing      war   for   their  destruction     as  the  carriers   of   typhus    germs。I
  rubbed   the   turpentine   so   energetically   into   my   neck   that   it   burnt   like   a
  collar of fire; and for a long time I was unable to get to sleep。
  In   the   morning   Radek;   the   two   conductors   who   had   charge   of   the
  wagons and I sat down together to breakfast and had a very merry meal;
  they providing cheese and bread and I a tin of corned beef providently sent
  out from home by the Manchester Guardian。                  We cooked up some coffee
  on a little spirit stove; which; in a neat basket together with plates; knives;
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  forks; etc。 (now almost unobtainable in Russia) had been a parting present
  from the German Spartacists to Radek when he was released from prison
  in Berlin and allowed to leave Germany。
  The morning was bright and clear; and we had an excellent view of
  Jaroslavl when we drove from the station to the town; which is a mile or
  so off the line of the railway。         The sun poured down on the white snow;
  on the barges still frozen into the Volga River; and on the gilt and painted
  domes      and   cupolas     of  the   town。    Many      of   the  buildings     had   been
  destroyed      during   the   rising  art