第 9 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9285
  Its failure is highly undesirable; not because it itself is good; but because
  such failure would be preceded or followed by a breakdown of all existing
  organizations。 Food distribution; inadequate as it now is; would come to
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  an end。     The innumerable non…political committees; which are rather like
  Boards of Directors controlling the Timber; Fur; Fishery; Steel; Matches or
  other Trusts (since the nationalized industries can be so considered) would
  collapse;   and   with   them   would   collapse   not   only   yet   one   more   hope   of
  keeping a breath of life in Russian industry; but also the actual livelihoods
  of a great number of people; both Communists and non…Communists。                          I
  do not   think   it   is   realized   out…side   Russia how  large   a  proportion   of   the
  educated classes have become civil servants of one kind or another。                    It is
  a rare thing when a whole family has left Russia; and many of the most
  embittered   partisans   of   war   on   Russia   have   relations   inside   Russia   who
  have long ago found places under the new system; and consequently fear
  its collapse as much as any one。          One case occurs to me in which a father
  was an important minister in one of the various White Governments which
  have received Allied support; while his son inside Russia was doing pretty
  well as a responsible official under the Communists。               Now in the event of
  a violent change; the Communists would be outlaws with a price on every
  head; and those who have worked with them; being Russians; know their
  fellow countrymen well enough to be pretty well convinced that the mere
  fact that they are without cards of the membership of the Communist Party;
  would not save them in the orgy of slaughter that would follow any such
  collapse。
  People    may     think   that   I  underestimate      the   importance     of;   the
  Extraordinary Commission。            I am perfectly aware that without this police
  force    with   its  spies;  its  prisons   and   its  troops;  the   difficulties   of  the
  Dictatorship would be increased by every              kind of disorder; and the chaos;
  which     I fear may come; would have begun long ago。 I believe; too; that
  the overgrown power of the Extraordinary Commission;
  and the cure that must sooner or later be applied to it; may; as in the
  French   Revolution;  bring   about   the   collapse   of   the   whole  system。       The
  Commission   depends   for   its   strength   on   the   fear   of   something   else。    I
  have seen it weaken when there was a hope of general peace。                   I have seen
  it tighten   its grip   in the   presence   of   attacks   from  without   and   attempted
  assassination within。        It is dreaded by everybody; not even Communists
  are safe from it; but it does not suffice to explain the Dictatorship; and is
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  actually     entirely    irrelevant     to  the    most    important     process     of   that
  Dictatorship; namely; the adoption of a single idea; a single argument; by
  the    whole    of  a   very   large   body    of  men。     The     whole    power     of  the
  Extraordinary        Commission        does    not   affect    in   the   slightest   degree
  discussions   inside   the   Communist   Party;   and   those   discussions   are   the
  simple   fact   distinguishing   the   Communist   Dictatorship   from   any   of   the
  other dictatorships by which it may be supplanted。
  There   are   600;000   members   of   the   Communist   Party   (611;978   on
  April 2; 1920)。 There are nineteen members of the Central Committee of
  that party。     There are; I believe; five who; when they agree; can usually
  sway   the   remaining   fourteen。        There   is   no   need   to   wonder   how   these
  fourteen   can   be   argued   into   acceptance   of   the   views   of   the   still   smaller
  inner ring; but the process of persuading the six hundred thousand of the
  desirability of; for example; such measures as those involved in industrial
  conscription which; at first sight; was certainly repugnant to most of them;
  is the main secret of the Dictatorship; and is not in any way affected by the
  existence of the Extraordinary Commission。
  Thus the actual government of Russia at the present time may be not
  unfairly considered as a small group inside the Central Committee of the
  Communist Party。          This small group is able to persuade the majority of
  the   remaining   members   of   that   Committee。           The   Committee   then   sets
  about   persuading   the   majority   of   the   party。      In   the   case   of   important
  measures the process is elaborate。 The Committee issues a statement of its
  case;   and   the   party   newspapers   the   Pravda   and   its   affiliated   organs   are
  deluged with its discussion。          When this discussion has had time to spread
  through   the   country;   congresses   of   Communists   meet   in   the   provincial
  centres; and members of the Central
  Committee go down to these conferences to defend the 〃theses〃 which
  the    Committee      has   issued。     These     provincial    congresses;      exclusively
  Communist; send their delegates of an All…Russian Congress。                       There the
  〃theses〃 of the Central Committee get altered; confirmed; or; in the case of
  an obviously  unpersuaded   and   large   opposition   in   the party;  are   referred
  back or in other ways shelved。            Then the delegates; even those who have
  been   in   opposition   at   the   congress;   go   back   to   the   country   pledged   to
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  defend the position of the majority。             This sometimes has curious results。
  For example; I heard Communist Trades Unionists fiercely arguing against
  certain   clauses   in   the   theses   on   industrial   conscription   at   a   Communist
  Congress at the Kremlin; less than a week afterwards I heard these same
  men   defending   precisely  these   clauses   at   a Trades   Union   Congress   over
  the   way;   they   loyally   abiding   by   the   collective   opinion   of   their   fellow
  Communists         and   subject    to   particularly    uncomfortable       heckling     from
  people   who   vociferously   reminded   them   (since   the   Communist   debates
  had been published) that they were now defending what; a few days before;
  they had vehemently attacked。
  The   great    strength   of   the  Communist   Party   is   comparable   to         the
  strength of the Jesuits; who; similarly; put themselves and their opinions at
  the disposal of the body politic of their fellow members。                  Until a decision
  had been made; a Communist is perfectly free to do his best to prevent it
  being   made;   to   urge   alterations   in   it;  or   to   supply  a   rival   decision;   but
  once   it   has   been   made   he   will   support   it   without   changing   his   private
  opinion。      In all mixed congresses; rather than break the party discipline;
  he   will   give   his   vote   for   it;   speak   in   favor   of   it;   and   use   against   its
  adversaries the very arguments that have been used against himself。                         He
  has his share in electing the local Communist Committee; and; indirectly;
  in electing the all…powerful Central Committee of the party; and he binds
  himself   to   do   at   any   moment   in   his   life   exactly   what   these   Committees
  decide for him。 These Committees decide the use that is to be made of the
  lives;   not   only   of   the   rank   and   file   of   the   party;   but   also   of   their   own
  members。        Even   a   member   of   the   Central   Committee   does   not   escape。
  He may be voted by his fellow members into leaving a job he likes and
  taking up another he detests in which they think his particular talents will
  better serve the party aims。         To become a member of the
  Communist Party involves a kind of intellectual abdication; or; to put
  it differently; a readiness at any moment to place the collective wisdom of
  the party's Committee above one's individual instincts or ideas。                    You may
  influence   its   decisions;   you   may   even   get   it   to   endorse   your   own;   but
  Lenin himself; if he were to fail on any occasion to obtain the agreement
  of a majority in the Central Committee; would have to do precisely what