第 8 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  formless chaotic mass?         No。 The Central Committee of the party is called
  together to discuss and decide the question。            And when we have to wage
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  war; to form new divisions; to find the best elements for them…to whom do
  we turn?       To the party; to the Central Committee。 And it gives directives
  to   the   local   committees;      'Send   Communists        to  the   front。'  The    case   is
  precisely   the   same   with   the Agrarian   question;   with   that   of   supply;   and
  with all other questions whatsoever。〃
  No     one   denies     these    facts;   but   their   mere     statement     is  quite
  inadequate   to   explain   what   is   being   done   in   Russia   and   how   it   is   being
  done。     I do not think it would be a waste of time to set down as briefly as
  possible;     without     the   comments        of  praise    or   blame     that   would     be
  inevitable from one primarily interested in the problem from the Capitalist
  or Communist point of view what; from observation and inquiry; I believe
  to be the main framework of the organization whereby that dictatorship of
  the party works。
  The   Soviet   Constitution   is   not   so   much   moribund   as   in   abeyance。
  The Executive Committee; for example; which used to meet once a week
  or   even   oftener;   now   meets   on   the   rarest   occasions。      Criticism   on   this
  account      was   met    with   the   reply    that   the   members      of   the  Executive
  Committee; for example; which used to meet once a week or even oftener;
  now   meets   on   the   rarest   occasions。      Criticism   on   this   account   was   met
  with the reply that the members of the Executive Committee were busy on
  the   front   and   in   various parts of   Russia。      As   a   matter   of   fact;  the   work
  which that Committee used to do is now done by Central Committee of
  the Bolshevik Party; so that the bulk of the 150 members of
  the   Central   Executive   are   actually   free   for   other   work;   a   saving   of
  something like 130 men。             This does not involve any very great change;
  but   merely   an   economy   in   the   use   of   men。     In   the   old   days;   as   I   well
  remember;       the   opening   of    a  session   of   the   Executive     Committee       was
  invariably late; the reason being that the various parties composing it had
  not yet finished their preliminary and private discussions。                    There is now
  an   overwhelming   Communist   majority   in   the   Executive   Committee;   as
  elsewhere。       I think it may be regarded as proved that these majorities are
  not     always     legitimately      obtained。        Non…Communist            delegates      do
  undoubtedly  find   every   kind   of   difficulty   put   in   their   way   by   the   rather
  Jesuitical adherents of the faith。           But。 no matter how these majorities are
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  obtained;   the   result   is   that   when   the   Communist   Party   has   made   up   its
  mind on any subject; it is so certain of being able to carry its point that the
  calling     together    of  the   All…Russian      Executive      Committee       is  merely     a
  theatrical demonstration of the fact that it can do what it likes。                    When it
  does     meet;    the  Communists        allow    the   microscopical       opposition     great
  liberty  of   speech; listen   quietly;  cheer   ironically;   and   vote   like   one   man;
  proving on every occasion that the meeting of the Executive   Committee
  was the idlest of forms; intended rather to satisfy purists than for purposes
  of   discussion;   since   the   real   discussion   has   all   taken   place   beforehand
  among   the   Communists   themselves。              Something   like   this   must   happen
  with   every   representative   assembly   at   which   a   single   party   has   a   great
  preponderance   and   a   rigid   internal   discipline。   The   real   interest   is   in   the
  discussion inside the Party Committees。
  This state of affairs would probably be more actively resented if the
  people   were   capable   of   resenting   anything   but   their   own   hunger;   or   of
  fearing anything but a general collapse which would turn that hunger into
  starvation。      It   must   be   remembered   that   the   urgency   of   the   economic
  crisis     has    driven     political    questions      into    the   background。          The
  Communists   (compare   Rykov's   remarks   on   this   subject;   p。   175)   believe
  that this is the natural result of social revolution。             They think that political
  parties will disappear altogether and that people will band together; not for
  the   victory   of   one   of   several   contending   political   parties;   but   solely   for
  economic cooperation or joint enterprise in art or science。                     In support of
  this they point to the number of
  their opponents who have become Communists; and to the still greater
  number   of   non…Communists   who   are   loyally   working   with   them   for   the
  economic        reconstruction      of   the   country。      I   do    not   agree    with    the
  Communists in this; nor yet with their opponents; who attribute the death
  of political discussion to fear of the Extraordinary Commission。                        I think
  that both the Communists and their opponents underestimate the influence
  of the economic ruin that affects everybody。 The latter particularly; feeling
  that    in  some    way     they   must    justify   themselves      to  politically    minded
  foreign visitors; seek an excuse for their apathy in the one institution that
  is almost universally unpopular。             I have many non…Communist friends in
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  Russia; but have never detected the least restraint that could be attributed
  to fear of anybody in their criticisms of the Communist regime。                    The fear
  existed alike among Communists and non…Communists; but it was like the
  fear    of  people    walking   about     in  a  particularly   bad    thunderstorm。      The
  activities and arrests of the Extraordinary Commission are so haphazard;
  often so utterly illogical; that it is quite idle for any one to say to himself
  that   by   following   any   given   line   of   conduct   he   will   avoid   molestation。
  Also;     there   is  something     in   the  Russian     character    which     makes    any
  prohibition   of   discussion   almost   an   invitation   to   discuss。     I   have   never
  met   a   Russian   who   could   be   prevented   from   saying   whatever   he   liked
  whenever he liked; by any threats or dangers whatsoever。                    The only way
  to   prevent   a   Russian   from   talking   is   to   cut   out   his   tongue。  The   real
  reason     for  the   apathy    is  that;  for  the   moment;     for   almost    everybody
  political    questions    are   of  infinitesimal    importance      in  comparison      with
  questions of food and warmth。              The ferment of political discussion that
  filled the first years of the revolution has died away; and people talk about
  little but what they are able to get for dinner; or what somebody else his
  been   able   to   get。  I;   like   other   foreign   visitors   coming   to   Russia   after
  feeding up in other countries; am all agog to make people talk。                     But the
  sort of questions which interest me; with my full…fed stomach; are brushed
  aside almost fretfully by men who have been more or less hungry for two
  or three years on end。
  I   find;   instead   of   an   urgent   desire   to   alter   this   or   that   at   once;   to…
  morrow; in the political complexion of the country; a general desire to do
  the best that can be done with things as they are; a general fear of further
  upheaval of any kind; in
  fact a general acquiescence in the present state of affairs politically; in
  the hope of altering the present state of affairs economically。                 And this is
  entirely   natural。     Everybody;   Communists   included;   rails   bitterly   at   the
  inefficiencies      of  the  present    system;    but   everybody;     Anti…Communists
  included; admits that there is nothing whatever capable of taking its place。
  Its failure is highly undesirable; not because it itself is good; but because
  such failure would be preceded or followed by a breakdown of all e