第 3 节
作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  The extra strain put upon it by the transport of troops and the maintenance
  of the armies exposed its weakness; and with each succeeding week of war;
  although      in  19l6   and   1917    Russia    did   receive   775    locomotives     from
  abroad;   Russian   transport   went   from   bad   to   worse;   making   inevitable   a
  creeping paralysis of Russian economic life; during the latter already acute
  stages    of   which    the  revolutionaries     succeeded      to  the  disease    that  had
  crippled their precursors。
  In 1914 Russia had in all 20;057 locomotives; of which 15;047 burnt
  coal; 4;072 burnt oil and 938 wood。              But that figure of twenty thousand
  was more impressive for a Government official; who had his own reasons
  for desiring to be impressed; than for a practical railway engineer; since of
  that number over five thousand engines were more than twenty years old;
  over two thousand were more than thirty years old; fifteen hundred were
  more   than   forty   years   old;   and   147   patriarchs   had   passed   their   fiftieth
  birthday。     Of the whole twenty thousand only 7;108 were under ten years
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  of age。     That was six years ago。           In the meantime Russia has been able
  to make in quantities decreasing during the last five years by 40 and 50 per
  cent。 annually; 2;990 new locomotives。                In 1914 of the locomotives then
  in Russia about 17;000 were in working condition。                     In 1915 there were;
  in spite   of   800 new   ones;  only  16;500。         In   1916 the   number   of   healthy
  locomotives was slightly higher; owing partly to the manufacture of 903 at
  home in the preceding year and partly to the arrival of 400 from abroad。
  In 1917 in
  spite   of   the   arrival   of   a   further   small   contingent   the   number   sank   to
  between 15;000 and 16;000。              Early in 1918 the Germans in the Ukraine
  and elsewhere captured 3;000。 Others were lost in the early stages of the
  civil war。 The number of locomotives fell from 14;519 in January to 8;457
  in   April;    after  which     the   artificially   instigated    revolt   of  the   Czecho…
  Slovaks made possible the fostering of civil war on a large scale; and the
  number fell swiftly to 4;679   in December。                In 1919 the numbers   varied
  less    markedly;   but   the   decline      continued;   and   in   December   last       year
  4;141   engines   were   in   working   order。       In   January   this   year   the   number
  was   3;969;   rising   slightly  in   February;  when   the   number   was   4;019。          A
  calculation was made before the war that in the best possible conditions
  the   maximum   Russian   output   of   engines   could   be   not   more   than1;800
  annually。      At   this  rate   in  ten   years    the   Russians     could    restore    their
  collection   of   engines   to   something   like   adequate   numbers。   Today;   thirty
  years     would    be   an   inadequate      estimate;    for   some    factories;    like   the
  Votkinsky; have been purposely ruined by the Whites; in others the lathes
  and other machinery for building and repairing locomotives are worn out;
  many of the skilled engineers were killed in the war with Germany; many
  others   in   defending   the   revolution;   and   it   will   be   long   before   it   will   be
  possible     to   restore   to  the   workmen       or  to  the   factories    the   favorable
  material conditions of 1912…13。 Thus the main fact in the present crisis is
  that   Russia   possesses   one…fifth   of   the   number   of   locomotives   which   in
  1914     was   just   sufficient   to   maintain     her   railway   system   in    a   state   of
  efficiency   which   to   English   observers   at   that   time   was   a   joke。    For   six
  years she has been unable to import the necessary machinery for making
  engines or repairing them。           Further; coal and oil have been; until recently;
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  cut off by the civil war。          The coal mines are left; after the civil war; in
  such a condition that no considerable output may be expected from them
  in the near future。        Thus; even those engines which exist have had their
  efficiency   lessened   by   being   adapted   in   a   rough   and   ready   manner   for
  burning wood fuel instead of that for which they were designed。
  Let us now   examine the combined   effect of ruined   transport and the
  six   years'    blockade   on   Russian   life   in   town   and   country。       First   of   all
  was cut off the import of manufactured
  goods from abroad。          That has had a cumulative effect completed; as it
  were;   and   rounded   off   by   the   breakdown   of   transport。          By   making   it
  impossible to bring food; fuel and raw material to the factories; the wreck
  of transport makes it impossible for Russian industry to produce even that
  modicum   which         it  contributed     to  the   general    supply    of   manufactured
  goods which the Russian peasant was accustomed to receive in exchange
  for his production of food。           On the whole the peasant himself eats rather
  more   than   he   did   before   the   war。    But   he   has   no   matches;   no   salt;   no
  clothes; no boots; no tools。           The Communists are trying to put an end to
  illiteracy    in  Russia;    and    in  the   villages   the   most    frequent    excuse     for
  keeping   children   from   school   is   a   request   to   come   and   see   them;   when
  they will be found; as I have seen them myself; playing naked about the
  stove;   without   boots   or   anything   but   a   shirt;   if   that;   in   which   to   go   and
  learn to read and write。         Clothes and such things as matches are; however;
  of less vital importance than tools; the lack of which is steadily reducing
  Russia's actual power of food production。                Before the war Russia needed
  from abroad huge quantities of agricultural implements; not only machines;
  but simple things like axes; sickles; scythes。              In 1915 her own production
  of   these   things   had   fallen   to   15。1   per   cent。   of   her   already   inadequate
  peacetime   output。        In   1917   it   had   fallen   to   2。1   per   cent。 The   Soviet
  Government   is   making   efforts   to   raise   it;   and   is   planning   new   factories
  exclusively for the making of these things。                But; with transport in such a
  condition;   a   new   factory   means   merely   a   new   demand   for   material   and
  fuel which there are neither engines nor wagons to bring。                    Meanwhile; all
  over   Russia;   spades   are   worn   out;   men   are   plowing   with   burnt   staves
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  instead   of   with   plowshares;   scratching   the   surface   of   the   ground;       and
  instead     of  harrowing     with    a  steel…spiked    harrow     of  some    weight;    are
  brushing      the   ground   with   light   constructions   of   wooden   spikes   bound
  together with wattles。
  The actual agricultural productive powers of Russia are consequently
  sinking。     But things are no better if we turn from the rye and corn lands
  to   the   forests。  Saws   are   worn   out。      Axes   are   worn   out。     Even   apart
  from  that;   the   shortage of   transport   affects   the   production   of   wood   fuel;
  lack of which reacts on transport and on the factories and so on in a circle
  from which nothing but a large import of engines and wagons will provide
  an outlet。     Timber can be floated down
  the rivers。     Yes; but it must be brought to the rivers。              Surely horses
  can do that。       Yes; but; horses must be fed; and oats do not grow in the
  forests。     For    example;      this  spring    (1920)    the   best   organized     timber
  production      was    in  Perm   Government。        There     sixteen    thousand     horses
  have been mobilized for the work; but further development is impossible
  for lack of forage。        A telegram bitterly reports; 〃Two trains of oats from
  Ekaterinburg       are   expected    day    by  day。    If   the  oats   arrive   in  time    a
  considerable success will be possible。〃              And if the oats do not arrive in
  time?     Besides; not horses alone require to be fed。             The men who cut the
  wood cannot do it on empty stomachs。                 And again rises a cry for trains;
  that   do   not   a