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作者:泰达魔王      更新:2022-08-21 16:34      字数:9322
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  by ARTHUR RANSOME
  TO WILLIAM PETERS OF ABERDEEN
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  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  INTRODUCTION
  THE      characteristic    of  a  revolutionary      country    is  that  change     is  a
  quicker process there than elsewhere。              As the revolution recedes into the
  past the process of change slackens speed。 Russia is no longer the dizzying
  kaleidoscope that it was in 1917。            No longer does it change visibly from
  week to week as it changed in 19l8。              Already; to get a clear vision of the
  direction in which it is changing; it is necessary to visit it at intervals of six
  months; and quite useless to tap the political barometer several times a day
  as once upon a time one used to do。 。 。 。 But it is still changing very fast。
  My jourrnal of
  〃Russia in 1919;〃while giving as I believe a fairly accurate pictureof
  the    state  of  affairs   in  February     and    March    of   1919;    pictures   a  very
  different stage in the development of the revolution from that which would
  be found by observers today。
  The    prolonged state of crisis in which the country has been kept by
  external   war;   while  strengthening   the   ruling   party   by  rallying   even   their
  enemies   to   their   support;   has   had   the   other   effects   that   a   national   crisis
  always has on the internal politics of a country。 Methods of government
  which     in   normal    times    would    no   doubt    be  softened     or  disguised     by
  ceremonial   usage   are   used   nakedly   and   justified   by   necessity。   We   have
  seen   the   same   thing   in   belligerent   and   non…revolutionary   countries;   and;
  for the impartial student; it has been interesting to observe that; when this
  test of crisis is applied; the actual governmental machine in every country
  looks   very   much   like   that   in   every   other。   They   wave   different   flags   to
  stimulate enthusiasm and to justify submission。                 But that is all。      Under
  the   stress   of   war;   〃   constitutional   safeguards〃   go   by   the   board   〃for   the
  public good;〃 in Moscow as elsewhere。 Under that stress it becomes clear
  that; in spite of its novel constitution; Russia is governed much as other
  countries   are   governed;   the   real   directive   power   lying   in   the   hands   of   a
  comparatively small body which is able by hook or crook to infect with its
  conscious      will   a  population     largely   indifferent    and   inert。  A   visitor  to
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  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  Moscow to…day would find much of the constitutional machinery that was
  in   full   working   order   in   the   spring   of   1919   now   falling   into   rust   and
  disrepair。     He    would      not   be   able   once   a  week     or  so  to  attend    All…
  Russian Executive and hear discussions in this parliament of the questions
  of the day。      No one tries to shirk the fact that the Executive Committee
  has fallen into desuetude; from which; when the stress slackens enough to
  permit   ceremonial   that   has   not   an   immediate   agitational   value;   it   may
  some day be revived。 The bulk of its members have been at the front or
  here   and   there   about   the   country   wrestling   with   the   economic   problem;
  and   their   work   is   more   useful   than   their   chatter。    Thus   brutally   is   the
  thing    stated。    The    continued     stress   has   made     the  muscles;     the  actual
  works; of the revolution more visible than formerly。                  The working of the
  machine   is   not   only   seen   more   clearly;   but   is   also   more   frankly   stated
  (perhaps simply because they too see it now more clearly); by the leaders
  themselves。
  I want in this book to describe the working of the machine as I now
  see it。    But it is not only the machine which is more nakedly visible than
  it   was。   The   stress   to   which   it   is   being   subjected has   also   not so   much
  changed its   character   as   become   easier   of analysis。         At   least;   I   seem  to
  myself to see it differently。        In the earlier days it seemed quite simply the
  struggle between a revolutionary and non…revolutionary countries。 I  now
  think   that   that   struggle   is   a   foolish;   unnecesary;   lunatic   incident   which
  disguised from us the existence of a far more serious struggle; in which the
  revolutionary and non…revolutionary governments are fighting on the same
  side。     They   fight   without   cooperation;   and   throw   insults   and   bullets   at
  each other in the middle of the struggle; but they are fighting for the same
  thing。 They are fighting the same enemy。               Their quarrel with each other is
  for   both   parties   merely   a   harassing   accompaniment   of   the   struggle          to
  which all Europe is committed; for the salvage of what is left of European
  civilization。
  The threat of a complete collapse of civilization is more imminent in
  Russia   than   elsewhere。   But   it   is   clear   enough   in   Poland;   it   cannot   be
  disregarded in Germany; there is no doubt of its existence in Italy; France
  is conscious   of it;   it   is only  in England   and America that   this threat            is
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  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  not   among   the   waking   nightmares   of   everybody。             Unless   the   struggle;
  which has hitherto been going against us; takes a turn for the better;  we
  shall presently be quite unable to ignore it ourselves。
  I have tried to state the position in Russia today: on the one hand to
  describe   the   crisis   itself;   the   threat   which   is   forcing   these   people   to   an
  extreme of effort; and on the other hand to describe the organization that is
  facing     that   threat;   on   the   one   hand    to   set  down     what    are   the   main
  characteristics       of   the   crisis;   on   the    other    hand    to   show     how     the
  comparatively        small    body     of  persons     actually    supplying      the   Russian
  people with its directives set about the stupendous task of moving that vast
  inert mass; not along the path of least resistance; but along a path which;
  while     alike   unpleasant     and    extremely     difficult;   does    seem    to  them    to
  promise some sort of eventual escape。
  No book is entirely objective; so I do not in the least mind stating my
  own reason for writing this one (which has taken time that I should have
  liked   to   spend   on   other   and   very   different   things)。     Knowledge   of   this
  reason   will   permit   the   reader   to    make   allowances   for   such   bias   I   have
  been   unable   to   avoid;   and   so;   by   judicious   reading;   to   make   my   book
  perhaps nearly as objective as I should myself wish it to be。
  It   has   been   said   that   when   two   armies   face    each   other   across   a
  battle front and engage in           mutual slaughter; they may be considered as a
  single army engaged in suicide。             Now it seems to me that when countries;
  each   one   severally   doing   its   best   to   arrest   its   private   economic   ruin;   do
  their    utmost     to  accelerate     the   economic      ruin   of   each    other;   we    are
  witnessing something very like the suicide of civilization itself。 There are
  people     in  both    camps     who    believe    that   armed    and    economic      conflict
  between       revolutionary      and    non…revolutionary        Europe;     or   if  you    like
  between Capitalism and Communism; is inevitable。 These people; in both
  camps;   are   doing   their   best   to   make   it   inevitable。   Sturdy   pessimists;   in
  Moscow no less than in London and Paris; they go so far as to say 〃the
  sooner   the   better;〃   and   by   all   means   in   their   power   try   to   precipitate   a
  conflict。 Now the main effort in Russia to…day; the struggle which absorbs
  the    chief    attention     of   all  but    the   few    Communist        Churchills      and
  Communist         Millerands      who;    blind   to   all  else;  demand      an   immediate
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  THE CRISIS IN RUSSIA
  pitched battle over the prostrate body of civilization; is directed to finding
  a   way   for     Ru