第 30 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9309
  on Ptolemy; not however without making a few important additions to his
  knowledge;   for Aboul   Wefa   discovered   a   third   inequality   of   the   moon's
  motion;     in  addition    to  the  two   mentioned      by  Ptolemy;     which    he  did;
  according      to   Professor    Whewell;      in  a   truly   philosophic     manneran
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  apparently solitary instance; and one which; in its own day; had no effect;
  for the fact was forgotten; and rediscovered centuries after by Tycho Brahe。
  To Albatani; however; we owe two really valuable heirlooms。                    The one is
  the use of the sine; or half…chord of the double arc; instead of the chord of
  the   arc   itself;   which   had   been   employed   by   the   Greek   astronomers;   the
  other; of even more practical benefit; was the introduction of the present
  decimal arithmetic; instead of the troublesome sexagesimal arithmetic of
  the Greeks。      These ten digits; however; seem; says Professor Whewell; by
  the confession of the Arabians themselves; to be of Indian origin; and thus
  form     no  exception     to  the  sterility  of   the  Arabian    genius    in  scientific
  inventions。      Nevertheless we are bound; in all fairness; to set against his
  condemnation of the Arabs Professor De Morgan's opinion of the Moslem;
  in his article on Euclid:       〃Some writers speak slightingly of this progress;
  the   results   of   which   they  are   too   apt   to   compare   with   those   of   our   own
  time。     They ought rather to place the Saracens by the side of their own
  Gothic ancestors; and making some allowance for the more advantageous
  circumstances under which the first started; they should view the second
  systematically dispersing the remains of Greek civilisation; while the first
  were concentrating the geometry of Alexandria; the arithmetic and algebra
  of India; and the astronomy of both; to form a nucleus for the present state
  of science。〃
  To    this  article   of  Professor    De    Morgan's     on   Euclid;   {2}    and   to
  Professor Whewell's   excellent   〃History   of   the   Inductive   Sciences;〃   from
  which I; being neither Arabic scholar nor astronomer; have drawn most of
  my   facts   about   physical   science;   I   must   refer   those   who   wish   to   know
  more of the early rise of physics; and of their preservation by the Arabs;
  till a great and unexpected event brought them back again to the quarter of
  the   globe   where   they   had   their    birth;   and   where   alone   they   could   be
  regenerated into a new and practical life。
  That     great   event    was    the   Crusades。      We     have    heard    little  of
  Alexandria       lately。   Its   intellectual   glory   had    departed    westward      and
  eastward; to Cordova and to Bagdad; its commercial greatness had left it
  for Cairo and Damietta。          But Egypt was still the centre of communication
  between the two great stations of the Moslem power; and indeed; as Mr。
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  Lane has shown in his most valuable translation of the 〃Arabian Nights;〃
  possessed a peculiar life and character of its own。
  It was the rash object of the Crusaders to extinguish that life。 Palestine
  was their first point of attack:       but the later Crusaders seem to have found;
  like   the   rest   of   the   world;   that   the   destinies   of   Palestine   could   not   be
  separated from those of Egypt; and to Damietta; accordingly; was directed
  that last disastrous attempt of St。 Louis; which all may read so graphically
  described in the pages of Joinville。
  The Crusaders failed utterly of the object at which they aimed。                  They
  succeeded in an object of which they never dreamed; for in those Crusades
  the Moslem and the Christian had met face to face; and found that both
  were men; that they had a common humanity; a common eternal standard
  of   nobleness   and   virtue。    So   the   Christian   knights   went   home   humbler
  and wiser men; when they found in the Saracen emirs the same generosity;
  truth;   mercy;   chivalrous   self…sacrifice;   which   they  had   fancied   their   own
  peculiar possession; and added to that; a civilisation and a learning which
  they    could   only    admire    and   imitate。   And     thus;   from   the   era  of  the
  Crusades; a kindlier feeling sprang up between the Crescent and the Cross;
  till it was again broken by the fearful invasions of the Turks throughout
  Eastern Europe。        The learning of the Moslem; as well as their commerce;
  began to pour rapidly into Christendom; both from Spain; Egypt; and Syria;
  and thus   the Crusaders   were;  indeed; rewarded   according to   their  deeds。
  They had fancied that they were bound to vindicate the possession of the
  earth   for   Him   to   whom   they   believed   the   earth   belonged。     He   showed
  themor rather He has shown us; their childrenthat He can vindicate His
  own dominion better far than man can do it for Him; and their cruel and
  unjust aim was utterly foiled。          That was not the way to make men know
  or obey Him。 They took the sword; and perished by the sword。                       But the
  truly   noble   element   in   themthe   element   which   our   hearts   and   reasons
  recognise   and   love;   in   spite   of   all   the   loud   words   about   the   folly   and
  fanaticism      of  the   Crusades;     whensoever      we   read    〃The   Talisman〃      or
  〃Ivanhoe〃the        element    of   loyal   faith   and   self…sacrificedid     not   go
  unrequited。      They learnt wider; juster views of man and virtue; which I
  cannot   help   believing   must   have   had   great   effect   in   weakening   in   their
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  minds their old; exclusive; and bigoted notions; and in paving the way for
  the great outburst of free thought; and the great assertion of the dignity of
  humanity;   which   the   fifteenth   century   beheld。        They   opened   a   path   for
  that influx of scientific knowledge which has produced; in after centuries;
  the    most   enormous      effects   on   the   welfare    of  Europe;     and   made     life
  possible   for   millions   who   would   otherwise   have   been   pent   within   the
  narrow bounds of Europe; to devour each other in the struggle for room
  and bread。
  But   those  Arabic   translations   of   Greek   authors   were   a   fatal   gift   for
  Egypt;     and   scarcely    less   fatal  gift  for  Bagdad。      In   that   Almagest     of
  Ptolemy; in that Organon of Aristotle; which the Crusaders are said to have
  brought home; lay; rude and embryotic; the germs of that physical science;
  that    geographical      knowledge      which     has  opened     to   the  European      the
  commerce and the colonisation of the globe。                 Within three hundred years
  after his works reached Europe; Ptolemy had taught the Portuguese to sail
  round Africa;   and   from  that   day  the   stream  of   eastern   wealth   flowed   no
  longer   through   the   Red   Sea;   or   the   Persian   Gulf;  on   its   way  to   the   new
  countries of the West; and not only Alexandria; but Damietta and Bagdad;
  dwindled down to their present insignificance。                 And yet the whirligig of
  time brings about its revenges。            The stream of commerce is now rapidly
  turning   back   to   its   old   channel;   and   British   science   bids   fair   to   make
  Alexandria once more the inn of all the nations。
  It is with a feeling of awe that one looks upon the huge possibilities of
  her future。      Her own physical capacities; as the great mind of Napoleon
  saw; are what they always have been; inexhaustible; and science has learnt
  to   set   at   naught   the   only   defect   of   situation   which   has   ever   injured   her
  prosperity; namely; the short land passage from the Nile to the Red Sea。
  The fate of Palestine is now more than ever bound up with her fate; and a
  British or French colony might; holding the two countries; develop itself
  into a nation as vast as sprang from Alexander's handful of Macedonians;
  and become the meeting point for the nations of the West and those great
  Anglo…Saxon   peoples   who   seem   destined   to   spring   up   in   the Australian
  ocean。     Wide as the dream may appear; steam has made it a far narrower
  one   than   the   old   actual   fact;   that   for   centuries   the   Phoenician   and   the
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