第 29 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9322
  the    Koreish;     receded     in   the   minds     of   their   descendants      to   an
  unapproachable and abysmal distance。             For they had lost the sense of His
  present    guidance;    His   personal    care。   They     had   lost  all  which   could
  connect Him with the working of their own souls; with their human duties
  and struggles; with the belief that His mercy and love were counterparts of
  human mercy and human love; in plain English; that He was loving and
  merciful at all。 The change came very gradually; thank God; you may read
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  of   noble    sayings    and   deeds   here   and   there;   for  many     centuries   after
  Mohammed:          but it came; and then their belief in God's omnipotence and
  absoluteness   dwindled   into   the   most   dark;   and   slavish;   and   benumbing
  fatalism。       His     unchangeableness        became      in   their    minds     not   an
  unchangeable purpose to teach; forgive; and deliver menas it seemed to
  Mohammed   to   have   been   but   a   mere   brute   necessity;   an   unchangeable
  purpose to have His own way; whatsoever that way might be。                      That dark
  fatalism; also; has helped toward the decay of the Mohammedan nations。
  It has made them careless of self…improvement; faithless of the possibility
  of progress; and has kept; and will keep; the Mohammedan nations; in all
  intellectual matters; whole ages behind the Christian nations of the West。
  How far the story of Omar's commanding the baths of Alexandria to be
  heated with the books from the great library is true; we shall never know。
  Some       have    doubted      the   story    altogether:      but     so   many      fresh
  corroborations   of   it   are   said   to   have   been   lately   discovered;   in   Arabic
  writers; that I can hardly doubt that it had some foundation in fact。 One
  cannot     but  believe    that  John    Philoponus;     the  last  of  the   Alexandrian
  grammarians; when he asked his patron Amrou the gift of the library; took
  care to save some; at least; of its treasures; and howsoever strongly Omar
  may   have   felt   or   said   that   all   books   which   agreed   with   the   Koran   were
  useless;   and    all  which    disagreed    with   it  only   fit  to  be  destroyed;   the
  general feeling of the Mohammedan leaders was very different。                     As they
  settled in the various countries which they conquered; education seems to
  have been considered by them an important object。                   We even find some
  of   them;    in  the  same    generation     as  Mohammed;        obeying     strictly  the
  Prophet's   command   to   send   all   captive   children   to   schoola   fact   which
  speaks as well for the Mussulmans' good sense; as it speaks ill for the state
  of education among the degraded descendants of the Greek conquerors of
  the East。     Gradually philosophic Schools arose; first at Bagdad; and then
  at Cordova; and the Arabs carried on the task of commenting on Aristotle's
  Logic; and Ptolemy's Megiste Syntaxiswhich last acquired from them the
  name   of   Almagest;   by   which   it   was   so   long   known   during   the   Middle
  Ages。
  But they did little but comment; though there was no Neoplatonic or
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  mystic   element   in   their   commentaries。        It   seems   as   if   Alexandria   was
  preordained; by its very central position; to be the city of commentators;
  not of originators。       It is worthy of remark; that Philoponus; who may be
  considered   as   the   man   who   first   introduced   the   simple   warriors   of   the
  Koreish   to   the   treasures   of   Greek   thought;   seems   to   have   been   the   first
  rebel against the Neoplatonist eclecticism。             He maintained; and truly; that
  Porphyry;      Proclus;   and    the  rest;  had   entirely   misunderstood       Aristotle;
  when     they   attempted     to  reconcile    him    with   Plato;   or  incorporate     his
  philosophy   into      Platonism。     Aristotle   was    henceforth   the   text…book      of
  Arab savants。       It was natural enough。        The Mussulman mind was trained
  in   habits   of   absolute   obedience   to   the   authority   of   fixed   dogmas。    All
  those   attempts   to   follow   out   metaphysic   to   its   highest   object;   theology;
  would   be   useless   if   not   wrong   in   the   eyes   of   a   Mussulman;   who   had
  already his simple and sharply…defined creed on all matters relating to the
  unseen   world。       With   him   metaphysic   was   a   study   altogether   divorced
  from man's higher life and aspirations。 So also were physics。                  What need
  had he of Cosmogonies? what need to trace the relations between man and
  the universe; or the universe and its Maker?              He had his definite material
  Elysium and Tartarus; as the only ultimate relation between man and the
  universe; his dogma of an absolute fiat; creating arbitrary and once for all;
  as   the only  relation   between the universe   and its   Maker:           and   further  it
  was not lawful to speculate。          The idea which I believe unites both physic
  and metaphysic with man's highest inspirations and widest speculations
  the Alexandria idea of the Logos; of the Deity working in time and space
  by successive thoughtshe had not heard of; for it was dead; as I have said;
  in Alexandria itself; and if he had heard of it; he would have spurned it as
  detracting from the absoluteness of that abysmal one Being; of whom he
  so nobly yet so partially bore witness。            So it was to be; doubtless it was
  right that it should be so。        Man's eye is too narrow to see a whole truth;
  his brain too weak to carry a whole truth。              Better for him; and better for
  the world; is perhaps the method on which man has been educated in every
  age; by which to each school; or party; or nation; is given some one great
  truth; which they are to work out to its highest development; to exemplify
  in actual life; leaving some happier age perhaps; alas! only some future
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  stateto   reconcile   that   too   favoured   dogma   with   other   truths   which   lie
  beside    it;  and   without    which    it  is  always   incomplete;     and   sometimes
  altogether barren。
  But such schools of science; founded on such a ground as this; on the
  mere instinct of curiosity; had little chance of originality or vitality。               All
  the    great    schools    of   the   world;    the   elder    Greek     philosophy;     the
  Alexandrian; the present   Baconian   school   of physics; have  had   a  deeper
  motive for their search; a far higher object which they hope to discover。
  But indeed; the Mussulmans did not so much wish to discover truth; as to
  cultivate     their  own    intellects。    For    that  purpose     a  sharp   and    subtle
  systematist;   like   Aristotle;   was   the   very   man   whom   they   required;   and
  from   the   destruction   of Alexandria   may   date   the   rise   of   the Aristotelian
  philosophy。      Translations of his works were made into Arabic; first; it is
  said; from Persian and Syriac translations; the former of which had been
  made      during    the  sixth   and   seventh     centuries;    by  the   wreck     of  the
  Neoplatonist   party;      during   their  visit   to  the   philosophic   Chozroos。      A
  century   after;   they   filled   Alexandria。     After   them   Almansoor;   Hairoun
  Alraschid; and their successors; who patronised the Nestorian Christians;
  obtained      from    them     translations    of   the   philosophic;      medical;     and
  astronomical Greek works; while the last of the Omniades; Abdalrahman;
  had introduced the same literary taste into Spain; where; in the thirteenth
  century; Averroes and Maimonides rivalled the fame of Avicenna; who had
  flourished at Bagdad a century before。
  But; as I have said already; these Arabs seem to have invented nothing;
  they only commented。           And yet not only commented; for they preserved
  for    us  those   works     of  whose     real  value    they   were    so  little  aware。
  Averroes; in quality of commentator on Aristotle; became his rival in the
  minds of the mediaeval schoolmen; Avicenna; in quality of commentator
  on Hippocrates and Galen; was for centuries the text…book of all European
  physicians;   while Albatani   and Aboul Wefa;  as   astronomers;   commented
  on Ptolemy; not however without making a few important