第 25 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2022-08-21 16:32      字数:9319
  demagogism; the   hatred of   philosophers; the persecution of princesthat
  their ground was a moral ground; and not a merely intellectual one; that
  they   started;   not   from   any   notions   of   the   understanding;   but   from   the
  inward conscience; that truly pure Reason in which the intellectual and the
  moral spheres are united; which they believed to exist; however dimmed
  or   crushed;   in   every  human   being;  capable   of being   awakened;  purified;
  and raised up to a noble and heroic life。               They concealed nothing moral
  from their disciples:         only they forbade them to meddle with intellectual
  matters;     before     they    had   had    a   regular    intellectual     training。     The
  witnesses of reason and conscience were sufficient guides for all men; and
  at   them   the   many   might   well   stop   short。      The   teacher   only   needed   to
  proceed further; not into a higher region; but into a lower one; namely; into
  the region of the logical understanding; and there make deductions from;
  and   illustrations   of;   those   higher   truths   which   he   held   in   common   with
  every slave; and held on the same ground as they。
  And   the   consequence   of   this   method   of   philosophising   was   patent。
  They  were   enabled   to   produce;   in   the   lives   of   millions;   generation   after
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  generation; a more immense moral improvement than the world had ever
  seen before。      Their disciples did actually become righteous and good men;
  just in proportion as they were true to the lessons they learnt。 They did; for
  centuries; work a distinct and palpable deliverance on the earth; while all
  the solemn and earnest meditation of the Neoplatonists; however good or
  true; worked no deliverance whatsoever。                Plotinus longed at one time to
  make a practical attempt。          He asked the Emperor Gallienus; his patron; to
  rebuild for him a city in Campania; to allow him to call it Platonopolis;
  and   put it into   the  hands  of him  and   his   disciples;  that   they  might   there
  realise Plato's ideal republic。 Luckily for the reputation of Neoplatonism;
  the scheme was swamped by the courtiers of Gallienus; and the earth was
  saved   the   sad   and   ludicrous   sight   of   a   realised   Laputa;   probably   a   very
  quarrelsome        one。   That    was     his  highest     practical    conception:       the
  foundation of a new society:           not the regeneration of society as it existed。
  That work was left for the Christian schools; and up to a certain point
  they performed it。         They made men good。             This was the test; which of
  the schools was in the right:          this was the test; which of the two had hold
  of the eternal roots of metaphysic。            Cicero says; that he had learnt more
  philosophy from the Laws of the Twelve Tables than from all the Greeks。
  Clement   and   his   school   might   have   said   the   same   of   the   Hebrew   Ten
  Commandments and Jewish Law; which are so marvellously analogous to
  the   old   Roman   laws;   founded;   as   they   are;   on   the   belief   in   a   Supreme
  Being;   a   Jupiterliterally   a   Heavenly   Fatherwho   is   the   source   and   the
  sanction of law; of whose justice man's justice is the pattern; who is the
  avenger of crimes against marriage; property; life; on whom depends the
  sanctity  of   an   oath。    And   so;   to   compare   great   things   with   small;   there
  was a truly practical human element here in the Christian teaching; purely
  ethical   and   metaphysical;   and   yet   palpable   to   the   simplest   and   lowest;
  which      gave    to  it  a  regenerating     force    which    the   highest    efforts   of
  Neoplatonism could never attain。
  And   yet   Alexandrian   Christianity;   notoriously   enough;   rotted   away;
  and perished hideously。          Most true。      But what if the causes of its decay
  and death were owing to its being untrue to itself?
  I   do   not   say   that   they   had   no   excuses   for   being   untrue   to   their   own
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  faith。    We are not here to judge them。             That peculiar subtlety of mind;
  which rendered the Alexandrians the great thinkers of the then world; had
  with Christians; as well as Heathens; the effect of alluring them away from
  practice to speculation。       The Christian school; as was to be expected from
  the moral ground of their philosophy; yielded to it far more slowly than the
  Heathen; but they did yield; and especially after they had conquered and
  expelled the Heathen school。           Moreover; the long battle with the Heathen
  school had stirred up in them habits of exclusiveness; of denunciation; the
  spirit which cannot assert a fact; without dogmatising rashly and harshly
  on    the   consequences      of  denying     that   fact。   Their    minds    assumed      a
  permanent   habit   of   combativeness。   Having   no   more   Heathens   to   fight;
  they began fighting each other; excommunicating each other; denying to
  all who differed from them any share of that light; to claim which for all
  men had been the very ground of their philosophy。                  Not that they would
  have refused the Logos to all men in words。                They would have cursed a
  man for denying the existence of the Logos in every man; but they would
  have    equally    cursed    him   for  acting   on   his  existence    in  practice;   and
  treating the heretic as one   who had that within him to which a preacher
  might appeal。       Thus they became Dogmatists; that is; men who assert a
  truth   so   fiercely;   as   to   forget   that   a   truth   is   meant   to   be   used;   and   not
  merely assertedif;  indeed; the  fierce assertion of   a truth   in frail   man   is
  not generally a sign of some secret doubt of it; and in inverse proportion to
  his practical living faith in it:      just as he who is always telling you that he
  is a man; is not the most likely to behave like a man。                And why did this
  befall   them?     Because   they   forgot   practically   that   the   light   proceeded
  from a Person。       They could argue over notions and dogmas deduced from
  the   notion   of   His   personality:   but   they   were   shut   up   in   those   notions;
  they had forgotten that if He was a Person; His eye was on them; His rule
  and kingdom within them; and that if He was a Person; He had a character;
  and    that  that   character   was    a  righteous    and   a  loving   character:    and
  therefore they were not ashamed; in defending these notions and dogmas
  about Him; to commit acts abhorrent to His character; to lie; to slander; to
  intrigue; to hate; even to murder; for the sake of what they madly called
  His glory:      but which was really only their own glorythe glory of their
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  own dogmas; of propositions and conclusions in their own brain; which;
  true   or   false;   were   equally   heretical   in   their   mouths;   because   they   used
  them only as watchwords of division。             Orthodox or unorthodox; they lost
  the knowledge of God; for they lost the knowledge of righteousness; and
  love; and peace。        That Divine Logos; and theology as a whole; receded
  further and further aloft into abysmal heights; as it became a mere dreary
  system of dead scientific terms; having no practical bearing on their hearts
  and lives; and then they; as the Neoplatonists had done before them; filled
  up the void by those daemonologies; images; base Fetish worships; which
  made   the   Mohammedan   invaders   regard   them;   and   I   believe   justly;   as
  polytheists and idolaters; base as the pagan Arabs of the desert。
  I  cannot    but   believe   them;    moreover;     to  have   been    untrue   to  the
  teaching     of   Clement     and    his  school;    in  that   coarse    and   materialist
  admiration       of  celibacy     which     ruined    Alexandrian      society;    as  their
  dogmatic ferocity ruined Alexandrian thought。                 The Creed which taught
  them that in the person of the Incarnate Logos; that which was most divine
  had been proved to be most human; that which was most human had been
  proved   to   be   most   divine;   ought   surely   to   have   given   to   them;   as   it   has
  given to modern Europe; nobler; clearer; simpler views of the true relation
  of the sexes。     However; on this matter they did not see their way。 Perhaps;
  in   so